Transcript baldur s gate 2 solution

• HIDS
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Host-based intrusion detection system - Protecting the HIDS
A HIDS will usually go to great lengths to
prevent the object-database, checksumdatabase and its reports from any form of
tampering. After all, if intruders succeed in
modifying any of the objects the HIDS
monitors, nothing can stop such intruders
from modifying the HIDS itself - unless
security administrators take appropriate
precautions. Many Computer worm|worms
and Computer virus|viruses will try to disable
anti-virus tools, for example.
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Host-based intrusion detection system - Protecting the HIDS
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Apart from crypto-techniques, HIDS might
allow administrators to store the
databases on a CD-ROM or on other readonly memory devices (another factor
militating for infrequent updates...) or
storing them in some off-system memory.
Similarly, a HIDS will often send its logs
off-system immediately - typically using
VPN channels to some central
management system.
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Host-based intrusion detection system - Protecting the HIDS
Although its scope differs in many
ways from that of a HIDS,
fundamentally it provides a means to
identify whether anything/anyone has
tampered with a portion of a computer
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Catalogue of Women - Inachids
and the Catalogue appears to have
followed the same order, likely introducing
the Inachids via the Ehoie of Niobe
(daughter of Phoroneus)|Niobe, the river
god's granddaughter.
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Catalogue of Women - Inachids
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These lines, described by West as the finest
passage of poetry yet known from the
Catalogue,
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Khwaresm - Afrighids
Excerpt from page 101: “The ancient
Iranian kingdom of Khwarazm had been
ruled until 995 by the old established line
of Afrighids of Kath, but control
subsequently passed to the new line of
Khwarazm Shahs, the Ma'munids of
Gurganj”Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The
New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological
and Genealogical Manual, Columbia
University, 1996
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Khwaresm - Afrighids
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In 995, they violently overthrew the
Afrighids of Kath and themselves
assumed the traditional title of
Khwarazm-Shah
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Atapuerca Mountains - Orchids Valley (2000-2001) and Hundidero (2004–
2005)
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Stone tools from the
Upper Paleolithic
have been obtained
from these areas.
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Ijtihad - Female mujtahids
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A woman can be a mujtahid and there are
dozens who have attained the rank in the
modern history of Iran (for instance,
Amina Bint al-Majlisi in the Safavid era,
Bibi Khanum in the Qajar era, Nosrat
Amin|Lady Amin in the Pahlavi era, and
Zohreh Sefati during the time of the
Islamic Republic).See Mirjam Künkler and
Roja Fazaeli, The Life of Two Mujtahidas:
Female Religious Authority in 20th
Century Iran, in Women, Leadership and
Mosques: Changes in Contemporary
Islamic Authority, ed
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Co-evolution - Angraecoid orchids and African moths
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Angraecinae|Angraecoid orchids and
African moths coevolve because the
moths are dependent on the flowers for
nectar and the flowers are dependent
on the moths to spread pollen so they
can reproduce. Coevolution has led to
deep flowers and moths with long
proboscis|probosci.
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Andros, Bahamas - Orchids
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More than 50 species of wild orchids thrive in
the more than of subtropical forests and the
swamps of Andros. Many are endemic,
including three native species of the climbing
orchid vanilla. Commercial flower collectors
have been known to set fire to the pineland
coppices to collect purple flowered orchids
(Bletia puperea) that flourish in ashy soil. The
orchid genus epidendrum has nine species
endemic to the Bahamas, all of which can be
found on Andros.
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Bruce Peninsula - Wildflowers and orchids
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Some of the rarest flowers and ferns in
Ontario can be found growing on the
Bruce Peninsula. For example:
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Bruce Peninsula - Wildflowers and orchids
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; Lakeside Daisy (hymenoxys acaulis var.
glabra), Dwarf Lake Iris (iris lacustris),
Northern Holly Fern (polypodium lonchitis)
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Bruce Peninsula - Orchids
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Globally, there are more than 30,000
orchid species. Canada is home to 77
of these species. Ontario has 61
varieties of orchids, and of these, 44
can be found in the Bruce Peninsula.
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Bruce Peninsula - Orchids
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A selection of interesting orchids on
the Bruce Peninsula:
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Bruce Peninsula - Orchids
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Yellow Lady's
Slippermdash;
Cypripedium
parviflorum
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Bruce Peninsula - Orchids
Nodding Ladies'
Tressesmdash;
Spiranthes cernua
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Bruce Peninsula - Orchids
; Eastern Prairie
Fringed Orchidmdash;
Platanthera
leucophaea
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Bruce Peninsula - Orchids
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; European Common
Twayblademdash;
Neottia ovata
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John Chidsey
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Chidsey holds a Bachelor of History degree from
Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina
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Illithid - Vampiric illithids
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One possible origin is given in the Ravenloft
adventure Thoughts of Darkness, in which a
Vampire (Dungeons Dragons)|vampiress
collaborates with the illithids in using the
Apparatus to create the first vampiric illithid, a
being never conceived of before.Thoughts of
Darkness Whether they spread from the
demiplane of dread or not is another matter,
what can be said is that these creatures are
hated and feared by typical illithids.
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Illithid - Illithids in Eberron
In Eberron, the illithid come from
Xoriat, the plane of Madness. They
were created by the Daelkyr in their
invasion plans. It is not known if they
have elder brains, but their continued
existence implies that they can breed
on their own. The mind flayers of
Eberron are resistant to damage from
all weapons except those made out of
byeshk, a new exotic material in the
Eberron setting.
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Illithid - Illithids in Greyhawk
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Illithids typically dwell in dim, underground
settlements, usually in the Underdark.
Perhaps the best-known illithid settlement
on Oerth is the city of Dra-Mur-Shou,
located within several miles of the Vault of
the Drow. A number of illithids also make
their home in the Drow (Dungeons
Dragons)|drow city of Erelhei-Cinlu, due to
the presence of a well-known mind flayer
research center.
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Illithid - Illithids in Ravenloft
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Illithids are the rulers of a domain in the
Ravenloft campaign setting called
Bluetspur, where their God-Brain is the
darklord. How and why this particular
Illithid elder-brain became a darklord has
never been revealed in any official
Ravenloft products.
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Illithid - Illithids in Spelljammer
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According to Ken Rolston, the Beholder
(Dungeons Dragons)|beholder and the
mind flayer win starring roles as
intergalactic menaces in Spelljammer,
describing the mind flayers as evil, brainsucking horrors who have polished up
their social skills sufficiently to present a
dubiously neutral facade to trading
partners as they secretly scheme toward
the day when all intelligent races will be
their vassals and brain-food.
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Illithid - Illithids in Spelljammer
Illithids' primary ship type is the
nautiloid, a 35-ton craft resembling a
nautilus. Nautiloids are 125', or 180'
long including the tentacle-like piercing
ram. The ships' coiled shell provides
the comfort of enclosed space and
protects the illithids from solar
radiation.
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Illithid - Illithids in Spelljammer
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Less common illithid vessels such as
the 25-ton squidship, the 70-ton
octopus, and the 100-ton
cuttlefish|cuttle command also
resemble the cephalopods after which
they are named.
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Illithid - Illithids in Spelljammer
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In the Spelljammer setting, the illithids are
the creators of the oortlings, a humanoid
race of high intelligence and enlarged size.
Bred as food, the oortlings are completely
docile and have little motivation and
almost no instinct for self-preservation.
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Illithid - Illithids in other media
Mind flayers appear in other roleplaying games, including Angband
(video game)|Angband, Demon's
Souls, Final Fantasy, NetHack, Lost
Kingdoms, Kingdom of Loathing and
Lost Souls (online game)|Lost Souls,
and the one-player gamebook RPG
series Fighting Fantasy includes a
creature similar to the illithid, the
Brain Slayer.
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Illithid - Illithids in other media
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Ulchalothe in Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance
II is the guardian of the Brazier of Eternal
Flame. There are illithid settlements of
varying size in the games Neverwinter
Nights: Hordes of the Underdark, Baldur's
Gate II and Icewind Dale II. The villain in
the Neverwinter Nights premium module
'Kingmaker' is also an Illithid.
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Pansy - Aphids
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Aphids, which can spread the cucumber
mosaic virus, sometimes feed on pansies.
Infestations are treated with a spray of
diluted soft soap (2 ounces per gallon) or
insecticides.
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Orchids and Ermine - Story
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Set in New York City, flapper Pink Watson
(Colleen Moore) works a telephone
operator at a cement factory who dreams
of marrying rich
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Orchids and Ermine - Story
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Pink falls for Tabor without knowing of
his fortunes (even though he never lied
to her: it was Ermintrude who convinced
Pink that the man introducing himself as
Tabor was actually his assistant), while
Hank gets in trouble under the identity of
his employer by charming
Ermintrude.http://movies.nytimes.com
/movie/105067/Orchids-andErmine/overview Hank quickly learns
the backsides of constantly being
followed by numerous gold diggers
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Orchids and Ermine - Story
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When Tabor tries to flirt with the same
pick up lines, Pink is less than
flattered and criticizes him for taking
money from his 'boss', with which he
bought flowers for her
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Orchids and Ermine - Story
The following morning, Tabor, now
working as a floor walker, asks Pink to
marry him, and she enthusiastically
accepts
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Orchids and Ermine - Background
Exteriors for the film were shot on
location in New York, and shortly after
the arrival of the troupe in the city the
weather turned cold and rainy
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Orchids and Ermine - Background
As was often the case in Moore's
films, and was one of the major
attractions of her features—the viewer
was treated to the latest fashions
during the course of the
film.Georgeous Gowns on Gerrgeous
Girls Seen, Ottawa Citizen,Apr 23,
1927, page 12.
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Orchids and Ermine - Background
Hedda Hopper had a part in the film
before she became a famous
columnist. A 6-year-old Joe Yule Jr. had
a part of a smooth-talking midget... Joe
would become famous under the name
Mickey Rooney. The film was wellreviewed.Colleen Moore Seen at Best at
Grand, The Telegraph-Herald, June 29,
1927, page 14.
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Tanukhids
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The 'Tanûkhids' () or 'Tanukh' () were
originally from the Qahtani ( Arabic :
‫ )قحطانيون‬confederation of Arab tribes,
sometimes characterized as Saracens
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Tanukhids
The Azdies allied
with the Tanukhids,
becoming part of the
confederation
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Tanukhids
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The alliance crumbled under Theodosius I,
with the Tanukhids again revolting against
Roman rule.Ball, 2001, pp
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Nero Wolfe - Orchids
Known for rigidly maintaining his
personal schedule, Nero Wolfe is most
inflexible when it comes to his routine
in the rooftop plant rooms.
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Nero Wolfe - Orchids
The orchids and the
orchid rooms sometimes
are focal points in the
stories
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Nero Wolfe - Orchids
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A dilly it was, this greenhouse, wrote
Dr. John H. Vandermeulen in the
February 1985 issue of the American
Orchid Society Bulletin.
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Nero Wolfe - Orchids
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It must have been quite a sight with
the angle-iron staging gleaming in its
silver paint and on the concrete
benches and shelves 10,000 pots of
orchids in glorious, exultant
bloom.Vandermeulen, Dr
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Nero Wolfe - Orchids
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Hamilton lists all of the orchids mentioned in Archie's
accounts in alphabetical order
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Nero Wolfe - Orchids
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Wolfe rarely sells his orchidsI do not sell
orchids, Wolfe tells Archie in chapter 7 of
Murder by the Book (1951)
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Nero Wolfe - Orchids
In The Second Confession, the orchid
rooms are torn apart by gunfire from
across the street. The shooters are in the
employ of crime boss Arnold Zeck, who
wants Wolfe to drop a case that could lead
back to him. Wolfe and Archie call men to
take care of the plants and repair the
windows before notifying the police.The
Second Confession, chapter 5
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Blue Orchids
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'Blue Orchids' are an England|English
post-punk band formed in Manchester in
1979, when Martin Bramah decided to
quit The Fall (band)|The Fall having
recorded that band's debut album Live at
the Witch Trials. Bramah teamed up with
keyboardist Una Baines, also an ex-Fall
member, guitarist Rick Goldstraw,
bassist Steve Toyne and drummer Ian
Rogers (AKA Joe Kin). Punk poet John
Cooper Clark christened them Blue
Orchids.
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Blue Orchids - Career
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The band signed to Rough Trade Records
and in November 1980 they released their
debut single, a double A side, The Flood /
Disney Boys. After this release Steve
Toyne left the band and Rick Goldstraw
took over the bass playing duties. In
February 1981 they released their second
single Work.
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Blue Orchids - Career
Work was much liked by the late John
Peel who played it regularly after its
release. The band's music came to the
attention of Echo the Bunnymen, who
subsequently invited Blue Orchids to be
the support act for Echo the Bunnymen's
1981 UK tour. Alastair Baz Murphy was
recruited to play keyboards on the tour
due to an illness suffered by Baines.
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Blue Orchids - Career
1
Also after the release of Work, the Blue
Orchids recorded the first of their Peel
Sessions for John Peel's BBC Radio 1
programme.
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Blue Orchids - Career
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Phillip Toby Toman, an ex-member of
The Durutti Column, joined on drums
when Ian Rogers left the group after
the Echo the Bunnymen tour (he later
went on to play for Primal Scream
under the name Toby Tomanov). This
new line-up recorded a debut album
called The Greatest Hit (Money
Mountain), which went on to sell
10,000 copies.
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Blue Orchids - Career
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The group toured with Nico, serving as both
backing group and support act. Goldstraw
decided to continue touring with Nico, so a
new bassist, Mark Hellyer, was recruited as
replacement. During the time the band were
working with Nico, Steve Garvey
(musician)|Steve Garvey (formerly with
Buzzcocks, The Teardrops (band)|The
Teardrops and Bok Bok, then with Motivation
(band)|Motivation), also played bass with
them, shortly before migrating to the United
States.
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Blue Orchids - Career
The group's next record was the
Agents of Change EP in 1982. After
parting company with Rough Trade at
the end of the year, the group split up,
with Baines joining The Fates.
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Blue Orchids - Career
Bramah and Baines briefly returned in
1985 with the single Sleepy Town and then
split up again. Bramah then formed a new
group with ex-Fall drummer Karl Burns
called Thirst. They only released one
record, the Riding the Times EP, in 1987.
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Blue Orchids - Career
In 1989, Bramah briefly returned to
The Fall and appeared on the Extricate
album. The reunion with Mark E.
Smith was never going to last, and
Bramah was sacked from the group
whilst on a tour of Australia in 1990.
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Blue Orchids - Career
In 1991, Bramah returned with a new
incarnation of Blue Orchids which
featured ex-The Smiths|Smiths guitarist
Craig Gannon on guitar, Martin Hennin on
bass and Dick Harrison on drums. Their
first release was a single called Diamond
Age, followed in 1991 by a compilation
album called A View from the City. In 1992
they released the Secret City EP and a
second album was recorded in 1993, but
would remain unreleased for ten years.
Bramah decided to split the group again
in 1995.
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Blue Orchids - Career
In 2002, a compilation album called A
Darker Bloom was released on the Cherry
Red Records|Cherry Red label. This
release had sleeve notes written by
Bramah's former colleague in The Fall,
BBC DJ Marc Riley.
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Blue Orchids - Career
1
2003 saw the group reissue three albums
on the LTM Recordings|LTM label. The
shelved album from 1993 was finally
released with the title The Sleeper.
Released almost simultaneously was a
compilation album called From Severe
to Serene, which featured the group's two
Peel Sessions, live tracks and the
contents of the Riding the Times EP. At
the end of the year the group's debut
album The Greatest Hit (Money
Mountain) was finally given a long
overdue CD release.
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Blue Orchids - Career
1
In 2004, LTM Recordings|LTM also
released a brand new Blue Orchids
album called Mystic Bud. It contained
a surprising cover version of Sugar,
Sugar by The Archies alongside nine
Bramah originals. Founder member
Rick Goldstraw returned for the minialbum Slum-Cavern-Jest! in 2005. This
release featured a cover of the Fred
Neil song Green Rocky Road.
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Blue Orchids - Career
1
In January 2008, Martin Bramah released his debut
solo album, The Battle of Twisted Heel.
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Blue Orchids - Career
1
December 2008 saw the formation of
Bramah's new group Factory Star,
featuring Tim Lyons and Brian Benson
(from The Sandells)
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Blue Orchids - Career
September 2012 saw the return of Blue
Orchids, with gigs in Liverpool,
Manchester and London. The line-up
consisted of the Factory Star members
Martin Bramah, John Paul Moran, Chris
Dutton and Joe McKechnie, with the
addition of Ann Matthews
(Fflaps/Ectogram) on guitar/vocals. In
January 2013 Chris Connolly took on drum
duties - Chris has played drums in the
Glitter Band...also V2 and Ed Banger.
They continue to tour into 2013...
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Blue Orchids - Personnel
*Una Baines - Keyboard
instruments|keyboards vocals
(1979–85)
1
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Blue Orchids - Personnel
1
*Ian Rogers A.K.A. Joe Kin Drum kit|drums (1979–81)
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Blue Orchids - Personnel
*Mick Routledge keyboards (1991–92)
1
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Blue Orchids - Personnel
1
*Alastair Baz Murphy Organ (music)|organ
keyboards (1981–95,
2004)
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Blue Orchids - Personnel
1
*Charlotte Bill - flute
(2004)
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Blue Orchids - Personnel
1
*Ann Matthews - guitar
vocals (2012-)
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Blue Orchids - Discography
1
Chart placings shown are
from the UK Indie Chart.
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Blue Orchids - Albums
1
* The Greatest Hit (Money
Mountain) (1982) (#5)
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Blue Orchids - Compilation albums
* Cross Current Rough Trade's
Greatest Hits (198?)
1
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Blue Orchids - Live albums
1
* Blue Orchids Bomb
Manchester (2007)
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Hasanwayhids
1
'Hasanawayhid' or 'Hasanuyid' (, ) was
a Kurdish people|Kurdish
principality from 961 to 1015, centered
at Dinawar (northeast of present-day
Kermanshah)
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Hasanwayhids
1
After Hasanwayh's death, conflict
broke out between several of his
sons
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Hasanwayhids
Around 1006, the principality came into
conflict with the Annazids to the west. Badr
finally died in a minor battle in 1014. The
principality was conquered by Abul-Shawk,
the Annazid ruler. However the princely
family continued to rule their stronghold at
Sarmaj until the Seljuk Turks|Seljuk
Ibrahim Inal entered their territory in 1047.
1
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Orchids
1
'Orchidaceae' is a diverse and widespread
family (biology)|family of flowering plants
with blooms that are often colourful and
often fragrant, commonly known as the
'orchid family'
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Orchids
The family also includes Vanilla
(genus)|Vanilla (the genus of the Vanilla
planifolia|vanilla plant), Orchis (type
genus), and many commonly cultivated
plants such as Phalaenopsis and Cattleya.
Moreover, since the introduction of tropical
species into cultivation in the 19th century,
horticulture|horticulturists have produced
more than 100,000 hybrid
(biology)|hybrids and cultivars.
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Orchids - Etymology
The type (biology)|type genus
(biology)|genus (i.e. the genus after
which the family is named) is Orchis.
The genus name comes from the
Ancient Greek (), literally meaning
testicle, because of the shape of the
twin tubers in some species of Orchis.
The term orchid was introduced in 1845
by John Lindley in School Botany, as a
shortened form of Orchidaceae.
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Orchids - Description
1
Orchids are easily distinguished from other
plants, as they share some very evident
apomorphy|apomorphies. Among these
are: symmetry (biology)#Bilateral
symmetry|bilateral symmetry
(zygomorphic|zygomorphism), many
resupination#Orchidaceae|resupinate
flowers, a nearly always highly modified
petal (labellum), fused stamens and
carpels, and extremely small seeds.
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Orchids - Stem and roots
1
All orchids are perennial plant|perennial
herbs, lack any permanent woody
structure, and can grow according to two
patterns:
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Orchids - Stem and roots
1
* 'Monopodial': The stem grows from a
single bud, leaves are added from the
apex each year and the stem grows
longer accordingly. The stem of orchids
with a monopodial growth can reach
several metres in length, as in Vanda
and Vanilla (genus)|Vanilla.
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Orchids - Stem and roots
Sympodial orchids may have visible
pseudobulbs joined by a rhizome, which
creeps along the top or just beneath the
soil.
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Orchids - Stem and roots
Terrestrial orchids may be
rhizome|rhizomatous or form corms
or tubers. The root caps of terrestrials
are smooth and white.
1
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Orchids - Stem and roots
Some sympodial terrestrials, such as
Orchis and Ophrys, have two
subterranean tuberous roots. One is used
as a food reserve for wintry periods, and
provides for the development of the other
one, from which visible growth develops.
1
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Orchids - Stem and roots
1
In warm and humid climates, many terrestrial
orchids do not need pseudobulbs.
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Orchids - Stem and roots
Epiphytic orchids have modified
aerial roots that can sometimes be a
few meters long. In the older parts of
the roots, a modified spongy
epidermis (botany)|epidermis, called
velamen, has the function to absorb
humidity. It is made of dead cells and
can have a silvery-grey, white or
brown appearance. In some orchids,
the velamen includes spongy and
fibrous bodies near the passage cells,
called tilosomes.
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Orchids - Stem and roots
1
The cells of the root epidermis grow at
a right angle to the axis of the root to
allow them to get a firm grasp on their
support. Nutrients mainly come from
animal droppings and other organic
detritus on their supporting surfaces.
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Orchids - Stem and roots
The base of the stem of sympodial
epiphytes, or in some species essentially
the entire stem, may be thickened to form
a pseudobulb that contains nutrients and
water for drier periods.
1
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Orchids - Stem and roots
1
Some Dendrobium species have long,
canelike pseudobulbs with short,
rounded leaves over the whole length;
some other orchids have hidden or
extremely small pseudobulbs,
completely included inside the leaves.
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Orchids - Stem and roots
1
With ageing, the pseudobulb sheds its leaves
and becomes dormant. At this stage it is often
called a backbulb. Backbulbs still hold
nutrition for the plant, but then a pseudobulb
usually takes over, exploiting the last
reserves accumulated in the backbulb, which
eventually dies off, too. A pseudobulb
typically lives for about five years. Orchids
without noticeable pseudobulbs are also said
to have growths, an individual component of
a sympodial plant.
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Orchids - Leaves
1
Like most monocots, orchids generally have
simple leaf|leaves with parallel veins,
although some Vanilloideae have a reticulate
leaf|venation. Leaves may be ovate,
lanceolate, or orbiculate, and very variable in
size. Their characteristics are often
diagnostic. They are normally
phyllotaxis|alternate on the stem, often
plicate, and have no stipules. Orchid leaves
often have silica|siliceous bodies called
stegmata in the vascular bundle sheaths (not
present in the Orchidoideae) and are fibrous.
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Orchids - Leaves
1
The structure of the leaves corresponds to
the specific habitat of the plant. Species
that typically bask in sunlight, or grow on
sites which can be occasionally very dry,
have thick, leathery leaves and the Leaf
anatomy|laminae are covered by a waxy
Plant cuticle|cuticle to retain their
necessary water supply. Shade species,
on the other hand, have long, thin leaves.
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Orchids - Leaves
The leaves of most orchids are
perennial, that is, they live for several
years, while others, especially those
with plicate leaves, shed them annually
and develop new leaves together with
new pseudobulbs, as in Catasetum.
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Orchids - Leaves
1
The leaves of some
orchids are
considered
ornamental
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Orchids - Leaves
Some orchids, as Dendrophylax lindenii
(ghost orchid), Aphyllorchis and
Taeniophyllum depend on their green roots
for photosynthesis and lack normally
developed leaves, as do all of the
heterotrophy|heterotrophic species.
1
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Orchids - Leaves
Orchids of the genus Corallorhiza
(coralroot orchids) lack leaves
altogether and instead wrap their
roots around the roots of mature trees
and use specialized fungi to harvest
sugars.
1
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Orchids - Flowers
1
Orchidaceae are well known for the many
structural variations in their flowers.
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Orchids - Flowers
1
Some orchids have single flowers, but
most have a racemose inflorescence,
sometimes with a large number of
flowers. The flowering stem can be
basal, that is, produced from the base
of the tuber, like in Cymbidium,
apical, meaning it grows from the
apex of the main stem, like in
Cattleya, or axillary, from the leaf
axil, as in Vanda.
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Orchids - Flowers
1
As an apomorphy of the clade, orchid
flowers are primitively zygomorphic
(symmetry (biology)#Bilateral
symmetry|bilaterally symmetrical),
although in some genera like
Mormodes, Ludisia and Macodes, this
kind of symmetry may be difficult to
notice.
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Orchids - Flowers
The orchid flower, like most flowers of
monocots, has two whorls of sterile
elements. The outer whorl has three
sepals and the inner whorl has three
petals. The sepals are usually very similar
to the petals (and thus called tepals, '1'),
but may be completely distinct.
1
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Orchids - Flowers
1
Some orchids have secondarily lost
this resupination, e.g
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Orchids - Flowers
1
The normal form of the sepals can be
found in Cattleya, where they form a
triangle. In Paphiopedilum (Venus
slippers), the lower two sepals are
fused into a synsepal, while the lip has
taken the form of a slipper. In
Masdevallia, all the sepals are fused.
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Orchids - Flowers
1
Orchid flowers with abnormal numbers of
petals or lips are called peloric. Peloria is a
genetic trait, but its expression is
environmentally influenced and may
appear random.
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Orchids - Flowers
1
All of the other orchids, the clade called
Monandria, retain only the central
stamen, the others being reduced to
staminodes ('4')
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Orchids - Flowers
1
Pollen is released as single grains, like in
most other plants, in the Apostasioideae,
Cypripedioideae and Vanilloideae. In the
other subfamilies, that comprise the great
majority of orchids, the anther ('3'), carries
and two pollinium|pollinia.
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Orchids - Flowers
A pollinium is a waxy mass of pollen
grains held together by the glue-like
alkaloid viscin, containing both
cellulosic strands and
mucopolysaccharides. Each pollinium
is connected to a filament which can
take the form of a caudicle, as in
Dactylorhiza or Habenaria, or a stipe
(botany)|stipe, as in Vanda. Caudicles
or stipes hold the pollinia to the
viscidium, a sticky pad which sticks the
pollinia to the body of pollinators.
1
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Orchids - Flowers
At the upper edge of the stigma of
single-anthered orchids, in front of the
anther cap, there is the rostellum ('5'),
a slender extension involved in the
complex pollination mechanism.
1
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Orchids - Flowers
In 2011, a member of the genus
Bulbophyllum, Bulbophyllum nocturnum,
was discovered to flower nocturnally.
1
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Orchids - Fruits and seeds
The ovary typically develops into a
capsule (fruit)|capsule that is dehiscent by
three or six longitudinal slits, while
remaining closed at both ends.
1
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Orchids - Fruits and seeds
1
The seeds are generally almost microscopic
and very numerous, in some species over a
million per capsule. After ripening, they blow
off like dust particles or spores. They lack
endosperm and must enter symbiotic
relationships with various Orchid
mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal basidiomyceteous
fungi that provide them the necessary
nutrients to germinate, so that all orchid
species are mycoheterotrophic during
germination and reliant upon fungi to
complete their lifecycles.
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Orchids - Fruits and seeds
1
As the chance for a seed to meet a
suitable fungus is very small, only a
minute fraction of all the seeds
released grow into adult plants. In
cultivation, germination typically
takes weeks.
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Orchids - Fruits and seeds
The usual medium for the sowing of
orchids in artificial conditions is agar
agar gel combined with a carbohydrate
energy source
1
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Orchids - Pollination
The complex mechanisms which orchids
have evolved to achieve Allogamy|crosspollination were investigated by Charles
Darwin and described in his 1862 book
Fertilisation of Orchids. Orchids have
developed highly specialized pollination
systems, thus the chances of being pollinated
are often scarce, so orchid flowers usually
remain receptive for very long periods, and
most orchids deliver pollen in a single mass.
Each time pollination succeeds, thousands of
ovules can be fertilized.
1
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Orchids - Pollination
1
Pollinators are often visually attracted by the
shape and colours of the labellum
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Orchids - Pollination
1
The possessors of orchids may be able to
reproduce the process with a pencil, small
paintbrush, or other similar device.
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Orchids - Pollination
1
Some orchids mainly or totally rely on selfpollination, especially in colder regions
where pollinators are particularly rare. The
caudicles may dry up if the flower has not
been visited by any pollinator, and the
pollinia then fall directly on the stigma.
Otherwise, the anther may rotate and then
enter the stigma cavity of the flower (as in
Holcoglossum amesianum).
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Orchids - Pollination
1
The slipper orchid Paphiopedilum parishii
reproduces by self-fertilization. This
occurs when the anther changes from a
solid to a liquid state and directly contacts
the stigma surface without the aid of any
pollinating agent or floral assembly.
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Orchids - Pollination
1
The labellum of the Cypripedioideae is
poke-shaped, and has the function to
trap visiting insects. The only exit leads
to the anthers that deposit pollen on
the visitor.
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Orchids - Pollination
1
In some extremely specialized orchids,
such as the Eurasian genus Ophrys,
the labellum is adapted to have a
colour, shape and odour which attracts
male insects via mimicry of a receptive
female. Pollination happens as the
insect attempts to mate with flowers.
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Orchids - Pollination
1
Many neotropical orchids are pollinated
by male euglossini|orchid bees, which
visit the flowers to gather volatile
chemicals they require to synthesize
pheromone|pheromonal attractants.
Each type of orchid places the pollinia
on a different body part of a different
species of bee, so as to enforce proper
cross-pollination.
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Orchids - Pollination
1
An underground orchid in Australia,
Rhizanthella slateri, is never exposed
to light, and depends on ants and
other terrestrial insects to pollinate it.
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Orchids - Pollination
1
Catasetum, a genus discussed briefly
by Charles Darwin|Darwin, actually
launches its viscid pollinia with
explosive force when an insect touches
a seta, knocking the pollinator off the
flower.
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Orchids - Pollination
1
After pollination, the sepals and petals
fade and wilt, but they usually remain
attached to the ovary.
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Orchids - Asexual reproduction
1
Some species, such as Phalaenopsis,
Dendrobium and Vanda, produce
offshoots or plantlets formed from one
of the node (botany)|nodes along the
Plant stem|stem, through the
accumulation of growth hormones at
that point. These shoots are known as
keiki.
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