Transcript Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo Biloba
By: Lindsey McRae & Lisa
MacDonald
Background
• Ginkgo Biloba is from the leaves of one of the
oldest living trees
• believed to have survived 200 million years
– b/c of resistance to insects, pollution, and diseases
• spread by seed from China to Korea and Japan
• brought to Europe and North America by
European botanists
Properties
Ginkgo Biloba extract has two main ingredients:
1. Terpene Lactones (6%):
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bilobalide (2.6%): increases brain activity by blocking
GABA-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission
ginkgolides A, B, C (2.8%): platelet activating factor (PAF)
antagonist
2. Flavonol Glycosides (24%):
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flavonoids may delay oxidant injury and cell death
quercetin (9.5%), kaempferol (10.5%), and isorhamnetin
(2.0%)
Therapeutic Applications
Aids and Affects
• increase cognitive function
• increase blood flow to brain, legs, and other
extremities
• enhance effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs
and reduce their side effects
• counteract vascular insufficiency
Dosage & Toxicity
• Ginkgo Biloba should be taken for 6-8
weeks before seeing small improvements
(3-4 months for larger effects)
• oral dose of 120-240 mg 2-3 times daily
• Ginkgo supplements are not
recommended 36 hours before surgery
Adverse effects
• rare occurrence of side effects
– nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness,
palpitations, restlessness, weakness, and skin rash
• ingestion or contact with pulp leads to erythema,
edema, pruritis and GI irritation
• should not be used with antithrombotic therapies
(eg. warfarin, heparin, aspirin), and extracts of
garlic or ginger b/c of PAF antagonistic effects
References
Briskin, Donal P. “Medicinal Plants and Phytomedicines. Linking Plant Biochemistry and Physiology to
Human Health.” Plant Physiol. Vol. 124, 2000. Retrieved 3 June 2004.
http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/reprint/124/2/507.pdf
Consumer Lab. “Product Review: Ginko Biloba and Huperzine A – Memory Enhancers.” Posted 21
April 2003. Retrieved 3 June 2004. http://www.consumerlab.com/results/ginkgobiloba.asp
Crimmins, Michael T. et al. “The Total Synthesis of Ginkgolide B.” Posted 19 May 2000. Retrieved 3
June 2004. http://www.unc.edu/depts/mtcgroup/jacs20008453.pdf
Ginkgo Biloba. “Ginkgo biloba in Medicine.” 1 Jan. 2001. Retrieved 3 June 2004.
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/ginkgo.dm/GINKGO/GbMedecine.htm
Glossary of Eye Terminology. “Macular Degeneration.” University of Maryland. Retrieved 10 June
2004. www.umm.edu/eyecare/glossary.htm
Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Q. Whishaw. An Introduction to Brain and Behaviour. New York, NY: Worth
Publishers, 2001.
Life Extension Foundation. “Ginkgo Biloba.” 1995-2004. Retrieved 3 June 2004.
http://www.lef.org/prod_hp/abstracts/php-ab280.html
Niering, Apothekerin P. et al. “H202-Induced Oxidative Stress in H4IIE Cells: Influence of the Flavonoid
Kaimpferol.” Retrieved 3 June 2004. http://www.wissenschaftonline.de/gbm/homepage/abstract_detail.php?artikel_id=175
Platelet Activating Factor. Webster’s Online Dictionary. Retrieved 10 June 2004. http://www.webstersonline-dictionary.org/definition/english/Pl/Platelet+Activating+Factor.html
Sierpina, Victor S. et al. (2003) “Ginkgo Biloba.” American Family Physician, 68(5), 923-926.
http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030901/923.html
Ginkgo Biloba Structures
Basic Flavonoid
Kaempferol
Bilobalide
Quercetin
Isorhamnetin 1
Ginkgolide variations