Transcript weed grapes

WEED FLORA AND WEED
DISTRIBUTION IN GRAPES
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Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) vine is grown in West and South India
especially in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, to a great extent.
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The varieties grown are Anab-e- Shahi and Thomson Seedless. The
grapes are grown on different training systems depending upon the
varieties and the purpose for which they are grown. These different
systems allow the growth of various types of weeds.
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In Bower system, soon after pruning of grapes, there is lot of
sunshine underneath which allows the growth of cyperus
rotundus and Oxalis corniculata
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After sometime, the vegetative growth of grape increases and
shades the underneath space with result Polygon plebejum,
Euphorbia geniculata, Amaranthus viridis, Portulaca oleracea,
Oxalis sp. and Mullugo pentaphylla among dicots and
Digitaria marginata, Eleusine indica, and Setaria glauca
among monocots.
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In Trellis system of training, plenty of sunshine is available for
weeds to grow around and Cynodon dactylon is the major
weed.
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Cynodon dactylon Pers.
In black soils and in dryland is a noxious weed and once a field is infested with
it, cultivation becomes impossible.
It is considered as one of the ten worst weeds in the world and
problematic in all tropical and subtropical areas in dry land and
garden lands
It belongs to the family Graminae (Poaceae) and common
name is Bahama Grass, Hariyali. In tamil it is called as
Arugampullu
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Cynodon dactylon Pers.
A perennial grass extensively creeping by means of scaly
rhizomes or by strong flat stolons, very common in plains and
hills slender and grows upto 7.5 to 30 cm height.
The underground stems are hard, brittle, thick, pale white in
colour and covered with short scale-leaves and occur at varying
depth in soil. Leaves are linear, finely acute, 7.5 to 12.5 cm
long, spikes 3 to 6.
Propagated by through seeds and underground stolons.
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Cyperus rotundus L
Family is Cyperaceae and common name is Nut
Grass, Nutsedge. In tamil it is called as Korai
kizhangu. Stoloniferous, stolons not bulbiferous,
stems trigonous, up to 1 m high, and tubers not
zoned. Stem sparsely tufted. Leaves shorter or longer
than stem, narrow, numerous, bracts usually 3 and up
to 60 cm long.
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Cyperus rotundus L
Floral biology:
spikelets spreading, linear to lanceolate, up to 2.5 cm long;
glumes imbricate, plicate, pale-brown or chestnut-brown,
sometimes with a reddish tinge; nut trigonous, broadly
obovoid, grayish-black.
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Amaranthus viridis Linn.
It is a broad leaved weed and it belongs to the family Amaranthaceae.
In tamil it is called as Kuppai keerai.
The plant is perennial with long prostrate or ascending
branches and a woody main stem growing to a height of 3060cm. Stem is striate, round and softly woolly tomatoes.
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Amaranthus viridis Linn.
Leaves are simple, alternate, shortly stalked, sub-orbicular or obovate with an obtuse tip.
The base is tapering. The upper surface of the leaf is pubescent,
while the lower one is densely hairy. The leaves on the side branches
are much reduced.
Flowers are very small, sessile, greenish white, in dense axillary
short spikes, which are solitary or clusterd. Perianth consists of 5
free oblong sepals, wooly on the back. Seed is lenticular, smooth and
shining black. Propagation is mainly by seeds.
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Portulaca oleracea L.
It is a succulent broad leaved weed and it belongs to the family
Portulacaceae. Common name is Indian Purslane. In tamil it is
called as Paruppu Keerai.
The main stem is short and erect bearing a number of lateral
branches which lie prostrate on the ground, they grow to a length
of 4-20 inches and are green or reddish in colour.
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The leaf-stalk is short. Flowers are without stalks, from 2-6 in
number and are collected together in clusters at the ends of
branches. Sepals are 2 and fleshy; they are united at the base
and are free above.
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Petals are 5 and are yellow in colour. Fruit is dry, dehiscing
transversely by the upper part enclosed by the sepals, coming
off as a lid leaving the lower part in the plant.
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Seeds are minute, blackish brown in colour and are covered
with concentric lines of tubercles. Propagation is by seed.
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Euphorbia geniculata Ort.
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An exotic weed introduced recently and now common in
dryland, garden land and on bunds in wet lands.It is a broad
leaved weed and it belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is a
annual herb with latex in all parts. Stem is round in shape.
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Leaves simple, ovate, alternate, opposite above.
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Involucre small, in dense corymbose cymes and monoecious.
Flowers combined to form a cyathium;
bracteoles many,
setaceous; male Flowers several surrounding a solitary female
flower. Seeds are dark grey, truncate at the lower end.
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Gupta, O.P. 1998. Weed management - Principles and Practices. Agro Botanical
Publishers, Bikaner.
Rao, V.S.1994. Principles of Weed Science. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
Subramanian, S., A.Mohamed Ali and R.Jayakumar. 1997. All about weed control.
Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
C. Chinnusamy, N.K. Prabhakaran P. Janaki K. Govindarajan. 2009. Compendium on
Weed Science Research in Tamil Nadu (25 years). AICPR-WC, Department of
Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore - 641 003
K. A.A. Kabeer and V.J. Nair. 2009. Flora of Tamil Nadu- Grasses. Botanical Survey of
India, Kolkatta.
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1.What is the major weed in bower system of cultivation?
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a.cyperus rotundus b Euphorbia geniculata c. Amaranthus viridis
2.What is the major weed in Trellis system of cultivation?
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A.Digitaria marginata b.Eleusine indica c.Cynodon dactylon
3.Portulaca oleracea L propagated by stolons (True/False) – False
4.What is the tamil name of Amaranthus viridis Linn – a.kuppai keerai
b. Paruppu Keerai
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