Transcript 02. MP and MPM that contain polysaccharides

Medicinal plants and medicinal
plant materials that contain
polysaccharides
Carbohydrates - a large group of primary
products of photosynthesis, which are aldegydes
and ketoalcogol
 Carbohydrates are divided into:
 Monosaccharides - trioses, tetroses, pentoses and hexoses;
 Oligosaccharides - disaccharides, trisaccharides and others;
 Polysaccharides - homo-and heteropolisaccharides
Polysaccharide – constitute macromolecular carbohydrates - biopolymers, formed a large number of monosaccharide
related O - glycosidics connections
 Homopolysaccharides (starch, inulin, cellulose and its esters,
glycogen) are composed of one type of residue monosaccharys
 Heteropolysaccharides (mucus, gums, pectin, alhinaty) - with the
remnants of various polysaccharides and their derivatives
Homopolisaccharides - polysaccharides that are built with
the same monosaccharides
Depending on the hydrocarbon component of their share in:
 Glucans - amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, glycogen, dextrin,
chitin;
 Fructans - inulin;
 Galactans - agar-agar, carrageenan
Glucan
 cellulose- a component of plant cell membranes. Its
content depends on the type of plant.
Cellulose positive effect on intestinal peristalsis, normalizes digestion.
It is not digested in the human gastrointestinal tract and has a large
adsorbing capacity
 Dextrin is a low-molecular glucan, which formed by
splitting starch or glycogen under the influence of
enzymes, acids or heat.
Dextrin formed in the body of animals and plants during the
enzymatic dissolution of spare carbohydrates. Dextrin shows emulsifier
properties and is used for the production of oil emulsion and as a
cementing agent in some tablets masses.
Glucan mixture of Amylose and Amylopectin contains starch.
Pharmacopoeia allows use multiple types of starch
 potato starch - Amylum Solani, which is obtained from
potato tuber:
 wheat starch - Amylum Tritici from wheat-summer, or soft;
 corn starch - Amylum Maydis from grain with common corn
 rice starch - Amylum Oryzae from grain of rice seed.
Starch is formed by photosynthesis in leaves of green
plants. under the influence of the enzymes amylase and
phosphorilase converted to soluble compounds and that
come in different organs (seeds, fruits, tubers), accumulat
in the form of starch grains, specific shape and size for each
plant.
Starch grain consists of:
Amylose
Amylopectin.
 The composition of Amylose is 60-300 (to 1500) residues of alpha-D-
glucose, linked1,4- glicosid connection, forming linear polymers.
Amylose is contained within the starch grains. Dissolved in warm
water, iodine solution, tinge in blue.
 Amylopectin has a much higher polymerization - 3000-6000 (to 20000)
of glucose residues linked 1,4 - and 1,6-glicoside connection and form
branched polymers. It focuses on membrane starch grains, dissolved
in hot water to form viscous colloidal solution, a solution of iodine tinge
in red-violet color.
Fructan - is polysaccharides, which are built from the remains Dfructose:
 They are products of phosphorylation of sucrose.
Fructan are not well soluble in cold water and well
soluble in hot.
Inulin - main fructan. Sometimes meets with inulid who have 10/12
balance of fructose and thus is well soluble in water. Inulin and
inulides not tinge iodine.
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Application:
inulin reduces the number of pathogenic bacteria and increases the
number bifidobakteri in the intestines;
enhances glycolysis
regulates metabolism of lipids
recommended that patients with diabetes
produced food supplement
Physical properties
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Polysaccharides - amorphous, rarely crystalline substance, insoluble in alcohol
and nonpolar solvents.
 Their solubility in water is different:
 Some homopolisaccharydes do not dissolve in strong intermolecular
links (fiber, starch), or other
dissolve (glycogen) or
form a gel (mucus, pectins, gums).
 In the presence of acids and enzymes capable of polysaccharides
polimers
Herbs and medicinal herbs containing fructans
 Chicory root
 CICHORII RADIX
Wild Chicory – Cichorium intybus
Family Asteraceae – Asteraceae
Biologically active substances (BAS) -carbohydrates (inulin), free fructose,
sesquiterpene lactones, ascorbic acid,
protein and tar substances
Medicines: Gastrovitol. The drug stimulates appetite,
increases the secretion of digestive glands, intestine
peristalsis, contributes output of bile,
shows anti-inflammatory and sedative effect
The drug is contraindicated in gastritis with acidity,
with caution should be used during pregnancy and lactation.
Application:In modern medicine galene and neogalen drugs chicory used
for appetite stimulation, improvement of digestive, choleretic activiti and as
a means of weakening
They are recommended in enteritis, colitis, chronic constipation,
cirrhosis of the liver.
Infusion roots has a hypoglycemic effect.
Biologically active food supplement made on
the basis of polysaccharide inulin, which is
obtained from chicory root.
Used for the treatment and diet in patients
with diabetes insulinindependence (II type).
Echinacea Flos – ECHINACEAE FLORES
Echinacea Herba – ECHINACEAE HERBA
ECHINACEAE RHIZOME WHITH ROOTS FRESH
ECHINACEAE RHIZOMATA CUM RADICIBUS
RECENS
Echinacea purpurea - Echinacea purpurea
Family Asteraceae - Asteraceae
Biologically active substances (BAS): all
organs of plant containing polysaccharides,
essential oil.
Main component of essential oil noncycle
sesquiterpenes. In roots found ehinacoside
glycoside, betaine, resins, organic acids and
phitosterine.
Medicines: tincture Echinaceae, “Imunnal",
“Echinacea compositum S".
Application. Echinacea preparations show immune stimulating,
antioxidant, membranoprotection action, promotes healing of
wounds, burns, ulcers, and applied to infectious and viral diseases,
especially the upper respiratory tract (URT)
Medicinal plants and medicinal plant materials
that contain heteropolysaccharides
Apricot gum
ARMENIACAE GUMMI
Apricot
Armeniaca vulgaris
Fam. Rosaceae
The main groups of BAS: of the
gums are glucuronic acid, galactose,
arabinose; impurity proteins. By its
composition and solubility similar to
apricot gum mucilage
Apricot gum forms viscous solutions that exhibit high
emulhuyuchu, соating and ability. Produced as a white powder or
yellowish
TRAGACANTHAE GUMMI
Species Astragalus
The main groups of BAS :
chemical classification
gumitragacanthe
related to acidic polysaccharides.
By solubility in water include
tragacanthe to the insoluble resin.
Application. Tragacanthe gum used as emulsifiers in
the production of emulsions and tablets. Tissue paper
and printing industry
LINSEED (FLAXSEED) - LINI SEMINA
Flax - Linum usitatissimum
Flax family- Linaceae
Biologically active substances
(BAS):
Seeds contain fatty dry oil, mucuses, protein,
carbohydrates, organic acids,
enzymes, vitamin A, sterols
Medicines:
Flax seeds, aqueous infusion of mucus,
fatty oil, drug "Лінетол“ (Linaetholum)
(ethyl esters of fatty acids).
Application: In medical practice using
flax seeds, flax oil and drug "Лінетол“
(Linaetholum).
Marshmallow root - ALTHAEAE RADICES
Marshmallow herb – ALTHAEAE HERBA
Marshmallow - Althaea officinalis L.
Fam. Malvaceae
Biologically active substances (BAS) :
in the dry roots Althea contained mucus substance
The roots contain starch, l-Asparagine, sugar,
pectin, fatty oil, betaine, carotene, phitosterin,
minerals, uron acids, mineral salts.
Grass is rich in polysaccharides.
Application: Demulcent,
Medicines: Althea
Root, mucus in the form
of aqueous extract of cold
water, dry extract, syrup,
nursing duties.
Herbal extract obtained in
a pill “Mucalthinum”
emmolient, mucolytic and antiinflammatory agent in diseases of the
respiratory and digestive. Infusion
Althea appointed inside with eczema,
psoriasis, neurodermatitis, dermatitis
and for normalize metabolism.
Coltsfoot leaf- Farfarae Folia
Coltsfoot - Tussilago farfara
Family - Asteraceae
Biologically active substances (BAS) : iridoid
glycoside, saponins; carotynoides, galov, malic and
tartaric acid, sytosterin, ascorbic acid, polysaccharides
(inulin and dextrin), mucus, tannin, traces of essential
oils, mineral salts.
Application: Infusion and decoction of the
leaves, and also granules exhibit expectorant,
anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, disinfection
and antispasmodic action; used in acute and
chronic laryngitis, bronchitis, bronchial
asthma and tuberculosis
Plantain leaf – Plantaginis majoris folia
Plantain grass fresh
Plantaginis majoris herba recens
Plantain - Plantago major
Plantain Family- Plantaginaceae
Biologically active substances (BAS) :
Leaves contain aucubin glycosides, iridoid and
tannins, ascorbic acid, carotene, vitamin D, vitamin U
In the fresh leaves found flavonoids, mannit, sorbitol,
citric and oleanol acid.
The all plant contains mucilage (polysaccharides),
especially a lot of mucus in seeds, fatty oil.
Medicines: Leaves of
plantain, water infusion, juice
with fresh herbs, preparation
“Plantaglucid “, extract water
extract of granules.
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Application: Juice from
fresh leaves of plantain,
infusion and “Plantaglucid”
effective in chronic gastritis
with decreased secretion,
enteritis and colitis, ulcerative
disease of the stomach
GRASS PSYLlIUM (Plantain Flea) FRESH
PLANTAGINIS PSYLLII RECENS
PSYLlIUM SEEDS - PSYLLII SEMINA
FLEA-WORT - PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM
PLANTAIN FAMILY– PLANTAGINACEAE
Medicines: Mixed in equal parts of
juice of both species plantain producing a
medicine called “Plantain juice” in bottles
of 250 ml.
Application: When anacid gastritis,
ulcerative disease of stomach and
duodenum without increased acidity,
chronic colitis; externally - with wounds,
cuts
Laminaria Thallus – Laminariae Thalli
Devil’s apron - Laminaria japonica
Kelp Family- Laminariaceae
Biologically active substances (BAS)
polysaccharides: Macromolecular laminaryn,
mannit, fructose, potassium iodide, vitamin B1, B2,
B12, A, D, E, carotenoids, potassium salt, sodium,
magnesium, bromine, cobalt, iron, manganese,
sulfur compounds and, proteins, carbohydrates ,
fat. Iodine is less than 0.1%. The main substance is
a polysaccharide - alginic acid.
Medications: Powder sea cabbage,
comprehensive preparation
“Laminaryd "consisting of a mixture of
polysaccharides from the protein
component and alginic acid salts.
Application: for atherosclerosis,
treatment and prevention of endemic
goiter; recommended as a mild
weakening means;