Transcript Konsep-Sistem-Informasi 2-13

DK71023
Konsep Sistem Informasi
(3-sks)
Oleh :
Solikin WS.,M.T.
[email protected]
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DK71023
Konsep Sistem Informasi
(3-sks)


Prasyarat : Pengantar Teknologi Informasi
Tujuan :
 memahami dan menguasai konsep sistem
informasi,
 dapat menjelaskan peranan informasi dalam
suatu organisasi,
 struktur dari suatu sistem informasi,
 dukungan komputer terhadap suatu sistem
informasi, dan
 nilai informasi bagi pengambilan keputusan
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• Materi :
1. Pengertian data dan informasi
2. Konsep dasar sistem dan sistem informasi
3. Konsep organisasi dan manajemen dalam
kaitannya dengan suatu sistem informasi
4. Struktur sistem informasi: komponen, aktivitas,
peran, dan tujuan pembangunan sistem informasi
5. Jenis-jenis sistem informasi berbasis komputer
6. Peran sistem informasi untuk pengambilan
keputusan
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• Buku
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Referensi :
Couger, J.D. and Mc Fadden, F.R., "Introduction to ComputerBased Information Systems", John Willey & Sons, Inc., New
York, 1976.
McLeod Jr., Raymond, “Management Information System  A
Study of Computer-Based Information System”, Macmillan
Publishing Company, New York, 1990.
Laudon, Kenneth C. dan Laudon, Jane P., “Management
Information System  A Contemporary Perpective”, Macmillan
Publishing Company, New York, 1990.
Laudon, Kenneth C. dan Laudon, Jane P., “Management
Information System  Management The Digital Firm, Seven
Edt.”, Prentice-Hall,New Jersey, 2002.
Turban-McLean-Wetherbe, “Information Technology For
Management,Second Edition”, John Wiley & Sons, USA, 1999.
Steven Alter, “Information Systems Foundation of E-Business,
4Ed”, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,2002.
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 Pengertian

Data dan Informasi
Data :
“Streams of raw facts representing events
occurring in organizations or the physical
environment before they have been organized and
arranged into a form that people can understand
and use”, 4.p8-9).
(adalah aliran dari fakta yang direpresentasikan melalui kejadian
dalam organisasi atau lingkungan fisik sebelum diorganisasi dan
di susun ke dalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti dan digunakan
oleh user).

Data adalah fakta / sebagian fakta yang mengandung arti
berupa angka, huruf, symbol khusus atau gabungan
darinya.
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 Informasi

(1)
“Data have been shaped into form that is
meaningful and useful to human beings”.
(Informasi adalah data yang disusun kedalam bentuk yang dapat
dimengerti dan bermanfaat bagi user) atau.

Informasi adalah “hasil dari kegiatan pengolahan
data yang memberikan bentuk yang lebih berarti
berupa suatu informasi” atau

Informasi adalah data yang mempunyai nilai
(berarti) bagi penerimanya dan dapat digunakan
untuk dasar pengambilan keputusan.
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 Data
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vs Informasi
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 Informasi(2)

Untuk menjadi informasi,umumnya data
perlu mengalami proses pengolahan.
Data

Process
Informasi
Sifat informasi dapat perfect (sempurna,
tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)
dan dapat pula imperfect (tidak sempurna,
mengandung unsur ketidakpastian).
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 Informasi(3)

Sumber Informasi :
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Pengamatan lapangan (observasi)
Kuesioner
Kejadian / event (pencatatan,
perekaman ataupun penangkapan
sinyal digital secara langsung).
Pemodelan (forecasting,
econometric, operational research,
simulation, heuristic, dsb).
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 Informasi(4)

Karakteristik (kualitas) Informasi yang baik :
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Timeliness (informasi harus tepat waktu,
tersedia manakala dibutuhkan)
Accuracy (informasi harus akurat / teliti)
Reduced Uncertainty (informasi
ketidakpastiannya harus ditekan /
diminimize/diperkecil)
Element of Surprise (informasi tidak
mengandung unsur / elemen kejutan)
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 Informasi(5)

Informasi disampaikan kepada pengguna (user)
dapat direpresentasikan dalam media :
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
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Kertas/hardcopy
Tampilan/display-monitor/video
Suara/audio
Informasi yang dibutuhkan manajemen umumnya
dalam bentuk laporan. Ada banyak variasi dan tipe
laporan antara lain :
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Loran Periodik
Laporan Indikator Kunci
Laporan berdasarkan permintaan (on-call report)
Laporan Khusus
Laporan Penyimpangan (exception report)
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 Informasi(6)

Laporan dapat di representasikan dengan
berbagai bentuk, antara lain yang umum
digunakan :
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Narasi
Tabel
Grafik dan Gambar
Kombinasi
Kertas/hardcopy
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• System ?
“A group of elements or parts that are integrated and
coordinated for the purpose of achieving a goal”
(Sekumpulan komponen atau bagian yang terintegrasi dan dikoordinir
untuk maksud mencapai suatu tujuan / gol)
System
Input
Output
Feedback
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
information system
An information system (IS) is an arrangement of
people, data, processes, and information technology
that interact to collect, process, store, and provide
as output the information needed to support an
organization
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What is a System?
Environment
Feedback
Signals
Feedback
Signals
Control
Signals
Control by
Management
Control
Signals
Input of
Raw Materials
Manufacturing
Process
Output of
Finished Products
System Boundary
Other Systems
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The Internetworked -Business
The Internet
Suppliers and Other Business Partners
Company
Boundary
Extranets
Procurement, Distribution, and Logistics
Engineering &
Research
Manufacturing
and
Production
Accounting,
Finance, and
Management
Intranets
Advertising
Sales
Customer Service
Extranets
Consumer and Business Customers
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A Federation of Information Systems
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Information System Applications
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Focuses for Information
Systems
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Knowledge — the raw material used to
create useful information.
Process — the activities (including
management) that carry out the mission of
the business.
Communication — how the system
interfaces with its users and other information
systems.
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The CMM Process Management Model
Capability Maturity Model (CMM) – a standardized framework
for assessing the maturity level of an organization’s information
system development and management processes and products.
It consists of five levels of maturity:
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Level 1—Initial: System development projects follow no prescribed
process.
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Level 2—Repeatable: Project management processes and practices are
established to track project costs, schedules, and functionality.
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Level 3—Defined: A standard system development process (sometimes
called a “methodology”) is purchased or developed. All projects use a
version of this process to develop and maintain information systems and
software.

Level 4—Managed: Measurable goals for quality and productivity are
established.
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Level 5—Optimizing: The standardized system development process is
continuously monitored and improved based on measures and data
analysis established in Level 4.
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Capability Maturity Model (CMM)
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Types of Information Systems
Information Systems
Operations
Management
Support
Support
Systems
Systems
Transaction
Process
Enterprise
Management
Decision
Executive
Processing
Control
Collaboration
Information
Support
Information
Systems
Systems
Systems
Systems
Systems
Systems
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A transaction processing system (TPS) is an information
system that captures and processes data about business
transactions.
A management information system (MIS) is an information
system that provides for management-oriented reporting
based on transaction processing and operations of the
organization.
A decision support system (DSS) is an information system
that either helps to identify decision making opportunities or
provides information to help make decisions.
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An expert system is an information system that captures the
expertise of workers and then simulates that expertise to the
benefit of nonexperts.
A communications and collaboration system is an
information system that enables more effective
communications between workers, partners, customers, and
suppliers to enhance their ability to collaborate.
An office automation system is an information system that
supports the wide range of business office activities that
provide for improved work flow between workers.
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Other Categories of
Information Systems
Expert Systems
Knowledge Management Systems
Functional Business Systems
Strategic Information Systems
Cross-Functional Information Systems
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The Information Systems
Development Process
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Management Challenges of the E-Business Enterprise
•Business Strategies
•Business Processes
•Business Needs
•IS Human Resources
•IS Development
•Customer Relationships
•Business Partners
•Suppliers
•Business Customers
•IT Infrastructure
•IS Performance
Ethical Considerations
Potential Risks?
Potential Laws?
Possible Responses?
•Organization Structure
•and Culture
•User Acceptance
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Chapter Summary


Information Systems play a vital role in the
efficient and effective operations of EBusiness, E-Commerce and enterprise
collaboration.
The business professional must know:

Foundations (fundamentals) of IS
Information Technologies
Business Applications
Development Processes; and

Managerial Challenges



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Chapter Summary (cont)


A system is a group of interrelated components
working toward the attainment of a common
goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs
in an organized transformation process.
An information system uses the resources of
people, hardware, software, data, and networks
to perform input, processing, output, storage
and control activities.
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Chapter Summary (cont)

IS Resources:
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Hardware Resources
Software Resources
People Resources
Data Resources
Network Resources
Products:
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Paper Reports
Visual Displays
Multimedia Documents
Electronic Messages
Graphics images
Audio Responses
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Chapter Summary (cont)

Information systems perform three vital roles in
business firms. They support:
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Business processes and operations,
Business decision making; and
Strategic competitive advantage
Major application categories of information
systems include:
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Operations Support Systems; and
Management Support Systems
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 Data
: Tipe Data
Lima tipe utama data pada sistem informasi yang sekarang
yaitu : 6.p132-177)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
predefined data item,
images,
text,
audio, dan
video
Pada sistem informasi tradisional hanya berisi predefined data
item dan text. Pada saat ini, akibat pesatnya kemajuan ilmu
pengetahuan dan teknologi IT data dapat dibuat dalam bentuk
gambar, suara dengan menggunakan teknik seperti
digitization, voice messaging dan video conference
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Predefined data item

Predefined data item tediri dari numeric atau
alphabetical item, yang mempunyai arti dan
format khusus yang jelas dan selanjutnya
digunakan untuk mengendalikan kalkulasi
dan transaksi yang menggunakan data.
Sebagai contoh credit card number,
transaction date, purchase account, dan
merchant ID.
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Text

Text terdiri dari letters, numbers, dan
karakter lainnya yang pengertiannya
dikombinasikan tidak hanya bergantung
pada bentuk yang ditentukan
(prespecified format) atau definisi dari
item individual (defined of individual
items).
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Images

Images adalah data dalam bentuk gambar,
baik dalam bentuk photographs, gambar
yang dibuat tangan (hand-drawn pictures),
atau grafik yang dihasilkan dari data numerik.
Images dapat disimpan, dimodifikasi, dan di
kirim (transmitted) dalam banyak cara yang
sama seperti text.
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
Audio


Audio adalah data dalam bentuk suara.
Video

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Video adalah kombinasi gambar dan suara yang
ditampilkan secara bersamaan. Penggunaannya
misalnya melalui video conference.
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Satuan Data
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Bit
Byte
Word
Double Word
Data
Record
Field
Table
Library
Database
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satuan terkecil data
satu karakter=8 bit
satu kata=2 byte=16 bit
satu kata=4 byte=32 bit
satu data=beberapa byte yang punya arti
satu baris data
satu lajur/kolom data
satu table data (baris dan kolom)
satu kumpulan file data
satu bank data (kumpulan semua data)
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Evolution of DB Systems
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Flat files - 1960s - 1980s
Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s
Network – 1970s - 1990s
Relational – 1980s - present
Object-oriented – 1990s - present
Object-relational – 1990s - present
Data warehousing – 1980s - present
Web-enabled – 1990s - present
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Basis Data (Database)
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Elemen Basis Data
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Terdapat 3 elemen basis data yaitu : User, Isi
Data dan Tempat Penyimpan (memori) data.
Dalam elemen user terdapat 3 golongan yaitu :
Operator yang memerlukan fasilitas ‘Query’ atau
paket program yang sudah jadi
Programmer yang memerlukan bahasa
pemrograman DBMS
DBA (database administrator) yang memerlukan
data dictionary system (DDS)
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Pengertian Basis Data
Basis Data adalah kumpulan dari data
yang saling berhubungan (berinteraksi)
satu dengan yang lainnya, tersimpan di
perangkat keras computer dan
digunakan perangkat lunak untuk
memanipulasinya.
 Penerapan database dalam sistem
informasi di sebut database sistem.

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Pengertian Sistem Basis Data


Sistem Basis Data adalah suatu sistem informasi
yang mengintegrasikan kumpulan dari data yang
saling berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya dan
membuatnya tersedia untuk beberapa aplikasi yang
bermacam-macam di dalam suatu organisasi.
Software yang digunakan untuk mengatur (manage)
data adalah DBMS (Data Base Management
System). Contoh DBMS : Excell, Access, FoxBase,
FoxPro, Oracle, Informix, Sybase, dll
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Kenapa perlu konsep Basis
Data
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
Dalam pendekatan pengolahan data
tradisional sumber data ditangani sendirisendiri oleh masing-masing bagian untuk tiap
aplikasi.
Sedangkan dalam konsep database,
pengolahan data dilakukan secara
terintegrasi dalam sebuah database, dimana
tiap-tiap orang atau bagian dapat
memandang database dari sudut pandangan
yang berbeda.
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Organisasi File Basis Data
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
Organisasi data secara konvensional dirasakan
kurang, karena berorientasi pada file, artinya data
cenderung hanya berhubungan dengan data yang
lainnya dalam satu file saja, kurang ada hubungan
dengan data lain yang berada di file lain.
Oleh karena itu dikembangkan jenis organisasi data
yaitu :
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

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Hirarki (berjenjang),
Network (jaringan) dan
Relasional (hubungan).
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Organisasi Hirarki (1)

Organisasi Hirarki / berjenjang atau disebut juga
struktur data poon (tree). Suatu pohon dibentuk dari
beberapa elemen grup data yang berjenjang,
disebut dengan node. Node yang paling atas
disebut root (level-1), tiap node dapat bercabang ke
node-node yang lain. Dengan ketentuan setiap
pohon hanya mempunyai satu root saja dan tiaptiap node kecuali root hanya dapat mempunyai
sebuah orang tua (parent) saja tetapi tiap-tiap node
dapat mempunyai beberapa anak (child).
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Organisasi Hirarki (2)
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Organisasi Network(1)

Pada Organisasi pohon tiap node tidak dapat
mempunyai lebih dari satu orang tua, maka
pada strukur data jaringan tiap-tiap node
dapat mempunyai lebih dari satu orang tua.
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Organisasi Network(2)
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Organisasi Relasional (1)

Hubungan di dasarkan pada field kunci (yaitu
field yang unik / tidak ada duanya), contoh
file MHS dan file NILAI dihungkan melalui
field kunci NPM.
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Organisasi Relasional (2)
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Relasi Data
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Data, Informasi dan Sistem Informasi
(..catatan tambahan)


SI sudah merupakan bagian dari perusahaan untuk
mendukung usaha dengan CBIS (Computer Base
Information System)
Resources : 5M + I
 Man
 Machine
 Money
 Material
 Method and
 Information
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Kenapa SI perlu dimenej?, karena resources terbatas,
karena terbatas maka perlu di optimalkan pemanfaatannya
Sistem pasti mempunyai tujuan, komponen sistem apa saja,
tergantung sistem apa, bisa metode, barang, dll


Karakteristik sistem :

1.
Transformasi input ke output (retrieve, update, representation)
Representasi : Text,suara,gambar, dll
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Interdisiplinair yang tergabung dalam satu kesatuan
Holistik (menyeluruh)
Dapat dibedakan dengan yang lainnya (lingkungannya)
Sinergi
Hierarki
Ada aturan (regulasi)
Harus punya tujuan (objective)
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Information Systems Architecture
(ISA)


Overall blueprint for organization’s information
systems
Consists of:
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Data (Enterprise Data Model – simplified ER Diagram)
Processes – data flow diagrams, process decomposition,
etc.
Data Network – topology diagram (like fig 1.8)
People – people management using project management
tools (Gantt charts, etc.)
Events and Points in Time (when processes are performed)
Reasons for events and rules (e.g. decision tables)
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Information Engineering

A data-oriented methodology to create and
maintain information systems
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Top-down planning approach.
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Four steps:
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Planning
 Results in an Information Systems Architecture
Analysis
 Results in functional specifications…i.e. what we
want
Design
 Results in design specifications…i.e. how we’ll do it
Implementation
 Results in final operational system
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Information Systems Planning
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Strategy development


IT Planning to meet Corporate
strategy
Three steps:
1.
2.
3.
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Identify strategic planning factors
Identify corporate planning objects
Develop enterprise model
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Identify Strategic Planning
Factors (table 2.1)
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
Organization goals – what we hope to
accomplish
Critical success factors – what MUST work in
order for us to survive
Problem areas – weaknesses we now have
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Identify Corporate Planning
Objects (table 2.3)
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Organizational units
Organizational locations
Business functions – these might become the
users
Entity types – the things we are trying to
model
Information (application) systems
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Develop Enterprise Model

Decomposition of business functions
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Enterprise data model
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See figure 2.2
See figure 2.1
Planning matrixes
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See figure 2.3
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Enterprise Data Model
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First step in database development
Specifies scope and general content
Overall picture of organizational data, not specific
design
Entity-relationship diagram
Descriptions of entity types
Relationships between entities
Business rules
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Informasi
Data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi penerimanya
dan dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan
keputusan
Untuk menjadi informasi umumnya data perlu
mengalami proses pengolahan
Sifat informasi :



1.
2.
4/13/2015
Perfect (tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)
Imperfect (mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)
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INPUT
PROSES
OUTPUT
Data
Proses
Inf ormasi
- Bisa sangat simple
- Bisa dapat complicated
• Suatu data jika akan menghasilkan informasi yang baik, maka
datanya harus bersih.
• prosesnya meliputi :
1. Verifikasi
2. Validasi
3. Duplication data
4/13/2015
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Macam-macam atribut suatu data :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Identifier (sebagai identifikasi)
Locater (sebagai penunjuk lokasi)
Temporal
Classifier
Relational
Faktor yang mempengaruhi ‘nilai suatu informasi’ :

1.
2.
3.
4.
4/13/2015
Tepat ISI dan TELITI (accuracy)
Tepat WAKTU (timeliness)
Tepat GUNA (relevancy)
Tepat SAJI (presentation)
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Manfaat Informasi

Terhadap Proses :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Terhadap Produk :

1.
2.
3.
4.
4/13/2015
Menghemat Tenaga
Meningkatkan Efisiensi
Mempercepat Proses
Perbaikan Dokumentasi
Pencapaian Standar
Perbaikan Keputusan
Peningkatan “feature”
Perubahan Karakteristik
Peningkatan Fasilitas Penyampaian Produk
Inovasi Produk barang atau jasa
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Terhadap Kualitas :

1.
2.
Komponen SI :

1.
2.
3.
4.
4/13/2015
Peningkatan kualitas proses (JIT,Feedback, dsb)
Peningkatan kualitas produk (standarisasi produk, peningkatan
pelayanan, dsb)
Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)
Infoware (Database)
Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)
Brainware (humanware)
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
Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)

Merupakan sistem komputer dan jaringan

Infoware (Database)

DBMS (Data Base Management System)

DBA (Database Administrator)

Kegagalan DBMS pada umumnya pada updating karna
faktor SDM

Jika data tidak diupdate, maka cutomer kecewa, ini akan
sangat berbahaya. Oleh karena itu perlu dijaga kedisiplinan
agar data tetap up-to-date.
4/13/2015
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Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)

Mencakup Organisasi dan Prosedur
Prosedur :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.




4/13/2015
Prosedur Penyiapan Data
Prosedur Perekaman Data
Prosedur Pemrosesan Data
Prosedur Pengamanan Data
Dsb
Jika sistem sudah “menyimpang terlalu jauh”, maka perlu di
“Re-Design”
Dengan adanya prosedur baru, terdapat cara kerja baru dan ini
harus disosialisasikan
Kalau mau mengembangkan SI harus mengacu kepada
rencana induk perusahaan
Dulu EDP sekarang IT Division atau IS Division
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Brainware

Mengatur Brainware paling sulit dibandingkan dengan 3
komponen yang lainnya
Contoh job dalam bidang IT:


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
4/13/2015
Operator Perekam Data
Teknisi Perangkat Kerja dan Jaringan
Pemrogram APlikasi Sistem (Programmer)
Analis Sistem (Analyst)
Administrator Database (Database Administrator)
Perancang Sistem (System Designer)
Perekayasa Perangkat Lunak (S/W Engineering)
Perekayasa Jaringan (Network Engineering)
Pengelola Proyek SI (IS Project Manager)
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Karakteristik Sistem
Environment
Sub Sistem
Sub Sistem
Output
Input
Goals
Sub Sistem
Sub Sistem
Boundary
(batas sistem)
Interface
(penghubung)
Input
4/13/2015
Process
Output
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Siklus Pengolahan Data
PROSES
(Model)
OUTPUT
(Informasi)
ENTRI DATA
BASIS DATA
USER
(Penerima)
CAPTURING
DATA
HASIL
TINDAKAN
4/13/2015
KEPUTUSAN
TINDAKAN
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Understanding Systems from
Business Viewpoint

Amazon.com : An Evolving Business Models
The Need for Frameworks and Models
The Work System Framework
Work System Principles
Relationships Beetwen Work Systems and IS
The Principle Based Systems Analysis Method
Measurement Work System Performance

Clasification Related to






4/13/2015
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Amazon.com : An Evolving
Business Models
(Work System Snapshot, Amazon.com provides
a different way to shop for books)
4/13/2015
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The Work System Framework








4/13/2015
The Customer
The Product and Services
The Business Process
The Participant
The Information
The Technology
Context
Infrastructure
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The Customer
 People
who use and
receive direct benefit
from the products and
services
4/13/2015
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The Product and
Services

4/13/2015
The combination of
physical things information
and services that the work
system produces for to
customer
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The Business Process

4/13/2015
The sets of the steps or
activities that are
performed within the work
system
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The Participant

4/13/2015
People who perform the
work step in the business
process
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The Information

4/13/2015
The information used by
the participants to
perform their work
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The Technology

4/13/2015
The hardware, software
and the other tools and
equipment used by the
participants
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Context

4/13/2015
The organizational,
competitive, technical
and regulatory realm
within which the work
system operates
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Infrastructure

4/13/2015
Is share human and
technical resources that
the work system rellies
on even through these
resources exist and are
managed outside of it.
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CUSTOMER



People who purchases books
Whosellers that supply the books
Amazon.com Shipping departement
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES



Information about books that might be purchased
information describing cash book order
books that are eventually delivered
BUSINESS PROCESS






Purchaser log on www.amazon.com
Purchaser identifies desired books or gives search criteria
Purchaser looks at book related information and desides what
to order
Purchaser enter order
Amazon.com finds the books in it inventory and packs thm fpr
dhipping, if the book are no in its inventory, Amazon order
them from a wholeseller and ships them to the customer after
they arrive at the Amazon werehouse
Shipping departement packages order and sends it to the
purchaser
PARTICIPANTS



People interested in
purchasing books
order fullfillment
department of
wholeseller
Shipping department
Amazon.com
TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION



Order for books
price and other
information about each
book
purchase hidtory and
related information for
each customer



Personel computers
used by purchaser
computers and
networks use by
Amazon.com for order
processing
the internet
(infrastructure)
Work System Snapshot
Amazon.com provides a different way to shop for
books
4/13/2015
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Data and Knowledge
Management (KM)
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
4/13/2015
Data Management :
A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)
Data Life Cyle Process and
Knowledge Discovery
Data Source and Collection
Data Quality (DQ)
Multimedia and OO Databases
Document Management
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Data Warehousing, Mining and
Analysis :
II.
1.
2.
3.
4/13/2015
Transaction Vs Analytical
Processing
Data Warehousing and Marts
Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and
Mining
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III.
1.
2.
3.
4/13/2015
Data Visualization and
Technology
Data Visualization
Multidimensionality
GIS
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IV.
1.
2.
Marketing Databases in Action
The Marketing Transaction
Database
Implementation in Example
KM
V.
1.
2.
4/13/2015
Knowledge Base and Organizational
Learning
Implementing KM Systems
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I.
I.

Data Management
A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)
The Difficulties





4/13/2015
The Amount of data increases exponentially
Collected by many individuals, using several
methods and devices
Organization’s data are relevant for specific
decision
Raw Data my be stored in different computing
systems, databases, formats, and human and
computer languages
Data Security, Quality, and integrity
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These difficulties and the critical
need for



Data management






4/13/2015
Timely and Accurated information
Search effective and efficient
Support TPS
Relational Databases
Client/Server Environment
Finding Data Quiqly and Easly
Creation of Data Warehouse
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2.
Data Life Cyle Process and
Knowledge Discovery



4/13/2015
Trace how and where data flows in
organization
Business do not run on data, They
run on information and their
knowledge of how to put that
information to uses successfully.
The transformation of data into
knowledge mybe accomplished in
several ways
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Converting Data to Knowledge
Data Warehousing
Collection
Selection
Preprocessing
Data
Source
Transformation
Data Analysis
Data
mining
Interpretation /
Evaluation
iMac
Data Sorage
Target Data
Preprocessing Data
Transformed Data
Patterns
Use
Knowledge
Storage,
Knowledge
Base
4/13/2015
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3.
Data Source and Collection






4/13/2015
The Data life cycle begins with the
acquisition of data from data sources.
Data can include :
Documents
Pictures
Maps
Sound and
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





Data Source :



4/13/2015
Animation
Concepts
Opinions
Raw or
Summarized or extrated data
Internal Data
Personal Data
External Data
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
Internal Data :



Personal Data

4/13/2015
are organizational internal data are
stored in one or more places
About : people, product, services,
and processes
IS user or other coorporate
employees by creating personal
data
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
External Data :



4/13/2015
Data are available on :
 CD-ROM
 Internet Server (film, music or voice)
 Pictures (diagram, atlases)
 Television
Large amounts of external data are
available on the internet.
The internet and commercial databases
services -> Electronic Data Interchange
(EDI)
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
Methods For Collection Raw
Data


4/13/2015
Can be collected :
 Manually or
 Instruments or sensors
 Scanned or
 Transferred Electronically
Manual Data Collected :
 Time studies
 Surveys
 Observations and
 Constributions from experts
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4.
Data Quality (DQ)


4/13/2015
Data are frequently found to be :
 Inaccurate
 Incomplete
 Ambiguous
The economical and social damage
from poor quality data costs billions
of dollars
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Problem Data :


DQ Problem divide into four
catagories and dimension :
1.

2.

3.

4.

4/13/2015
Instrinsic DQ :
Accuracy, objectivity, believability,
reputation
Accessability DQ :
Accessability and security
Contextual DQ :
Relevance, Value Added, timeliness,
completeness, amount data
Representasion DQ:
Interpretability, ease of understanding,
concise representation, consistent
representation
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
Problem Data (cont..):





4/13/2015
Data are not correct
Data are not timely
Data are not measured or index
properly
Needed data simply do not exist
One of the major issues of DQ
is DATA INTEGRITY
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


4/13/2015
OOD are sometimes referred to as
multimedia databases and are
manage special Multimedia
Databases Management Systems
(MDMS)
These manage data in variety of
formats in additional to standard
text or numeric fields.
The formats include Images such
as digitized photographs or forms
of bit-mapped graphics
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6.
Document Management (DM)



4/13/2015
Document Management Systems (DMS)
provide information to decision makers in
an electronic format
DM is the automated control of electronic
document, page images, spreadsheet,
word processing document, and complex,
compound documents through their entire
life cycle within an organization, from initial
creation to final archiving.
DMS usually include computerized
imaging systems
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Data Warehousing, Mining and
Analysis :
II.
I.
Transaction Vs Analytical
Processing


4/13/2015
Data processing in organizations can be
viewed either as transactional or
analytical
Transactional Processing, in the routine
daily processing of the transactional of
the organizations such as ordering or
billing
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
A good data delivery system
therefore should be able to
support :




4/13/2015
Easy data access by the end
users themselve
Quicker decision making
More accurate and effective
decision making
Flexible decision making
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
This improved option of
analytical processing involves
three concepts :
A business representation of data for
end users
2. A client/server enviroment that gives
the user query and reporting
capabilities
3. A server-base repository, the data
warehouse, that allows centralized
security and control over the data
1.
4/13/2015
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2.
Data Warehousing and Marts


4/13/2015
Data Warehouse, benefits :
1. To reach data quickly
2. To do it easly
The purpose of data warehouse is to
establish a data repository that makes
operational data accessable in a form
rapidly acceptable for analytical
processing activities such as decision
support, EIS, and other user application.
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
4/13/2015
Data Warehouses allow for the
storage of metadata, which
include data summaries that are
easier to index and search,
especially with web tools
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Data Warehouse Framework and Views
Replication
Legacy
Select
Metadata
Reposition
OLTP
Transform
Integrate
Maintain
External
Preparation
Target
Database(s)
(RDB, MDDB)
Application
EIS / DSS
Custom-Built
Application
(4GL Tools)
Flat screen
Data Mart
Marketing
Extract
Enterprise
Data
Warehouse
Access
Data Mart
Risk
Management
Opeparational
System / Data
Data Mart
A
P
I
S
M
I
d
l
e
w
a
r
e
Production
Reporting
Tools
Flat screen
Relation
Query Tools
Flat screen
OLAP /
ROLAP
Flat screen
Web Browses
Flat screen
Data Mining
Engineering
Flat screen
4/13/2015
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
Characteristic of Data Warehousing
Organization :
 data are organized by detailed
subject, containingly information
relevant for decision support
2. Consistency
 Data in different operational
databases my be encoded
differently, e.g gender data ‘0’, ‘1’
or ‘m’, ‘f’ and consistent manner
1.
4/13/2015
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Time variant
 The data are kept for 5 to 10 years
so they can be used for trends,
forecasting and comparisons over
time
4. Nonvolatile
 Once entered into the warehouse,
data are not update (Tdk dpt
diubah)
3.
4/13/2015
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Relational
 Typically the data warehouse uses
a relational structure
6. Clent/Server
 The data warehouse uses the
client/server architecture mainly to
provide the end user an easy
access to its data
5.
4/13/2015
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
4/13/2015
Data Marts is a replicated subset
of the data warehouse and is
dedicated to a functional or
regional area.
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
Summary of strategic Uses
of Data Warehousing
Industry
Functional Area of Use
Strategic Use
Airline
Operations and Marketing
Banking
Product Development,
operation and marketing
Healt Care
Operation
analysis of route
profitability
Customer service,
trend analysis, product
and service promotion.
Reduction of IS
expenses
reduction of operational
expenses
4/13/2015
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3.
Knowledge Discovery, Analysis
and Mining


4/13/2015
The program of extracting useful
knowledge from volumes of data is
known as knowledge discovery in
databases (KDD) or just knowledge
discovery.
KDD’s objective is to identify valid,
novel, potensially usefull, and
ultimatelly understandable patterns in
data
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KDD support by three technologies :

1.
2.
3.

Tools and Techniques of KDD
KDD tools over time can be divided into
four major stage :

1.
2.
3.
4.
4/13/2015
Massive data collection
Powerfull multiprocessor computers
Data Mining Algorithms
Data Collection (1960s)
Data Acess (1980s)
Data Warehousing and Decion Support (1990s)
Intelligence Data Mining (l-1990)
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

4/13/2015
The problem with the data
collection and access techniques is
that they are not suitable for a large
volume of data, nor can they be
used effectively by end user.
Even though Structured Query
Language (SQL) use is becaming
more user friendly.
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
4/13/2015
OLAP
(On Line Analytical Processing)
 OLAP refers to such end-user
activities as DSS modeling using
spreadsheets and grahics, which are
done online.
 Unlike online transaction online
processing (OLTP) application.
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
4/13/2015
Data Mining
 Data mining derives is name from the
similarities between searching for
valuable business information in a
large database and mining a
mountain for a vein of valuable are.
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IMPACT OF IT ON ORGANIZATIONS,
INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY
I.
II.
III.
4/13/2015
Impact on Organizations
Impact on Individuals at
Work
Societal Impacts and The
Internet Community
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I.
IMPACTs ON
ORGANIZATIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
4/13/2015
Structure
Authority
Power and
Job Content
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II.
IMPACTs ON INDIVIDUALS
AT WORK
1.
2.
3.
4/13/2015
Job Satisfaction
Dehumanization and
Psychological Impacts
Impacts On Health and
Safety
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III.
1.
2.
3.
4/13/2015
SOCIETAL IMPACTS AND
THE INTERNET COMMUNITY
Opportunitis For People With
Disabilities
Quality of Life Improvements
Other Impacts
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IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS
1.1. Structure
Structure,Authority,Power and Job Content

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
4/13/2015
Flatter Organizational Hierarchies
Staff-To-Line Ratio
Special Units
Centralization of Authority
Power and Status
Job Contens
Role Ambiguity and Conflict
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A. Flatter Organizational
Hierarchies (FOH)



Increased Productivity and increased span of
control
Decreased number of experts
FOH result from :



4/13/2015
reduction in the total number of employees,
reengineering of business process, and
ability of lower-level employee to perform higher –
level job
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B. Staff-To-Line Ratio

4/13/2015
The number of professional and
specialists could decline in relation to
the total number of employees in the
organizations.
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C. Special Units




4/13/2015
Creating a technology centre
Internet/electronic commerce unit
Decision support system departement
Intelligent system departement
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D. Centralization of Authority


4/13/2015
Because of the trend toward smaller
and flatters organizations, centralization
become more popular.
Example : introduction of expert
systems in general electric’s
maintenance area increased the power
of the desentarlization units because
they become less dependent on the
companys headquarters.
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E. Power and Status



4/13/2015
Knowledge is power
Changing the power structure within
organization
Example : expert system may reduce
the power of certain professional group,
becaise their knowledge will be in the
public domain.
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F. Job Contens



4/13/2015
Job Conten is important not only because it is
related to organizational structure, but also
becase it is interrelated with employee
satisfaction, compensation, status, and
productivity.
Changes in job content occuur when work is
redesigned.
Example : when BPR (Business Process
Reenginerring) is attempted or when
electronic commerce changes the marketing
system.
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IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS
1.2. Personnel Issues




4/13/2015
Employee Career Ladders
Changes in Supervision
Other Considerations
The Manager’s Job
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IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS
1.3. The Manager’s Job





4/13/2015
Automation of routin decision
Less expertise required for many
decisions
Less reliance on experts to provide
support to top executive
Power distribution among managers
Electronic support of complex decision
(intelligent agents, DSS)
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Impacts On Health and Safety




4/13/2015
Job Stress
Repetitive Strain Injuries
Lessening The Negative Impact
on Health and Safety
Other Impacts
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Dehumanization and Psychological
Impacts

Dehumanization :


4/13/2015
Negative effect on people’s individuality,
such : many people feel loss of identity.
Expert systems or artificial intelligence
are increasingly replacing people in the
creative arena.
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Dehumanization and Psychological
Impacts(2)

Psychological Impacts :


4/13/2015
Isolating influence : depression and
loneliness
Distance learning : lack of social impact.
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IS and Individual
Department
Store
Drug Store
Hotel
Reservation
Theater and
Entertainment
Supermarket
Money Card
Real Estate
Stocks
Integrated
Financial
Database
Consumer
System
Financial
System
Laisure Time
System
Travel
Reservation
E-funds transfer
Library
The
Individual
The Individual
Educational
and Adm
Record
Computer
Assisted
Education
Education and
Medical System
Accounting
and Legal
Home
Informatio
n System
Hospital
Adm and
treatment
Centre
Medical
Database
4/13/2015
e-Commerce
Entertainment
business and
education
Environment
and
application
Police
and Fire
Public and
Private Service
System
Insurance
and
Brokerage
Security
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