Transcript Chapter 19 PowerPoint

Chapter 19
Plants
Man: ©G. R. "Dick" Roberts/Natural Sciences Image Library
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Plants Have Changed the World
Members of kingdom Plantae
are nearly everywhere.
Plants harness the
energy that sustains
ecosystems. They also
release O2, which
consumers use for
respiration.
Section 19.1
Snow: ©Design Pics/Carson Ganci/Getty Images RF; Prairie: ©Tetra Images/Tetra Images/Corbis RF; Forest: ©Ted
Mead/Getty Images RF
Figure 19.1
Highlights in the History of Plants
The presence or absence of vascular tissue, pollen and
seeds, and flowers defines each plant group.
Section 19.1
Figure 19.3
Highlights in the History of Plants
Bryophytes have no vascular tissue, seeds, or flowers.
Mosses are bryophytes.
Section 19.1
Figure 19.3
Highlights in the History of Plants
The origin of vascular tissue, which transports water and nutrients
in the plant, allowed plants to grow taller. Taller plants reach above
their neighbors in the struggle for sunlight.
Section 19.1
Figure 19.3
Highlights in the History of Plants
Vascular tissue consists of phloem and xylem.
Phloem transports sugars. Xylem transports water.
Section 19.1
Stem cross section: © Dr. John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited
Figures 19.3, 19.4
Highlights in the History of Plants
Lignin is a complex polymer that strengthens cell walls in
vascular tissue.
Section 19.1
Stem cross section: © Dr. John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited
Figures 19.3, 19.4
Highlights in the History of Plants
Modifications in vascular tissue led to the evolution of
seedless vascular plants, like ferns.
Section 19.1
Figure 19.3
Highlights in the History of Plants
The origin of seeds—dormant, protected plant embryos with a
nutrient supply—was also adaptive. Seeds might travel far from
the parent and only germinate when conditions are favorable.
Section 19.1
Figure 19.3
Highlights in the History of Plants
Gymnosperms are plants with vascular tissue and seeds,
such as pine trees.
Cone
scale
Seed
Section 19.1
Pine cones: © Westend61/Alamy RF
Figures 19.3, 19.4
Highlights in the History of Plants
More recently, the origin of flowers and fruits introduced new
reproductive adaptations. Angiosperms are flowering plants.
Section 19.1
Figure 19.3
Highlights in the History of Plants
More recently, the origin of flowers and fruits introduced new
reproductive adaptations. Angiosperms are flowering plants.
Seed contains
embryo and its
food supply
Fertilized flowers develop
into fruits that protect and
disperse seeds
Section 19.1
Pea pods: ©Corbis RF
Figures 19.3, 19.4
All Plants Have Similar Life Cycles
The plant life cycle
is called alternation
of generations,
in which a
multicellular diploid
stage alternates
with a multicellular
haploid stage.
Section 19.1
Figure 19.5
All Plants Have Similar Life Cycles
A zygote develops
by mitotic cell
division into a
multicellular, diploid
sporophyte.
Section 19.1
Figure 19.5
All Plants Have Similar Life Cycles
The sporophyte
produces
haploid spores
by meiosis.
Section 19.1
Figure 19.5
All Plants Have Similar Life Cycles
Haploid spores divide
by mitosis into a
multicellular, haploid
gametophyte.
Section 19.1
Figure 19.5
All Plants Have Similar Life Cycles
The haploid
gametophyte
produces gametes by
mitotic cell division.
Section 19.1
Figure 19.5
All Plants Have Similar Life Cycles
These sex cells fuse
at fertilization,
forming a diploid
zygote and starting
the cycle anew.
Section 19.1
Figure 19.5
All Plants Have Similar Life Cycles
The sporophyte and
gametophyte shown
in this generalized
plant life cycle are
those of a seedless
vascular plant.
Section 19.1
Figure 19.5
All Plants Have Similar Life Cycles
Substituting images
in the alternation of
generations produces
diagrams of other
plant life cycles.
Section 19.1
Figure 19.21
Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants
Section 19.2
Figure 19.3
Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants
Bryophytes are seedless
plants that lack vascular
tissue. They also lack true
leaves and roots.
Section 19.2
Liverwort: ©Edward S. Ross; Hornwort: ©William E. Ferguson; Moss: ©Steven P. Lynch/The Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Figure 19.7
Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants
Materials move from cell to
cell within the plant by
diffusion and osmosis.
Section 19.2
Liverwort: ©Edward S. Ross; Hornwort: ©William E. Ferguson; Moss: ©Steven P. Lynch/The Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Figure 19.7
Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants
Examples of bryophytes
include:
Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses
Section 19.2
Liverwort: ©Edward S. Ross; Hornwort: ©William E. Ferguson; Moss: ©Steven P. Lynch/The McGraw-Hill Companies
Figure 19.7
Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants
The bryophyte
life cycle is an
alternation of
generations.
Section 19.2
Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants
Bryophyte life
cycle overview
Section 19.2
Bryophytes: ©Ed Reschke
Figure 19.9
Raindrop
Moss Life Cycle
Sperm
“Bud”
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Protonemata
(n)
Antheridia
Male
gametophyte
(n)
“Bud”
Egg
Spores
Gametophore
Female Archegonia
gametophyte (n)
Spore
dispersal
Rhizoid
Peristome
FERTILIZATION
Sporangium
MEIOSIS
Mature
sporophytes
Seta
Capsule
(sporangium)
Foot
(within archegonium)
Zygote
(2n)
Embryo
2 mm
Archegonium
Capsule with
peristome (SEM)
Young
sporophyte
(2n)
Female
gametophytes
Seedless Vascular Plants
Section 19.3
Figure 19.3
Seedless Vascular Plants
Examples of seedless
vascular plants include:
Lycopods (not shown)
Whisk ferns
True ferns
Horsetails
Seedless vascular plants
have xylem and phloem
but not seeds. These
plants typically have true
roots, stems, and leaves.
Section 19.3
Whisk fern: ©W. Ormerod/Visuals Unlimited; Horsetail: ©Ed Reschke; Beech fern: ©Rod Planck/Science Source
Figure 19.10
Seedless Vascular Plants
The seedless
vascular plant
life cycle is an
alternation of
generations.
Section 19.3
Seedless Vascular Plants
Seedless
vascular plant
life cycle
overview
Section 19.3
Spores: ©Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold/Getty Images; Fern gametophyte: ©Les Hickok and Thomas Warne, C-Fern
Figure 19.11
Fern Life Cycle
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
MEIOSIS
Spore
dispersal
Spore
(n)
Sporangium
Sporangium
Antheridium
Young
gametophyte
Mature
gametophyte
(n)
Archegonium
Egg
Mature
sporophyte
(2n)
New
sporophyte
Zygote
(2n)
Sorus
Gametophyte
Fiddlehead
FERTILIZATION
Sperm
Gymnosperms Are “Naked Seed” Plants
Section 19.4
Figure 19.3
Gymnosperms Are “Naked Seed” Plants
The sporophytes of most gymnosperms are woody trees or
shrubs. Reproductive structures and leaf types are diverse.
Section 19.4
Cycad tree: ©Alena Brozova/Alamy; cycad seed: ©Pat Pendarvis; ginko tree: ©Light of Peace/Flickr/Getty Images RF; ginko
seed: ©G. R. "Dick" Roberts/Natural Sciences Image Library; conifer tree: ©Jack Dykinga/Nature Picture Library; pine cone:
©Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold/Getty Images; ephedra: ©Gerald & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited; ephedra reproductive structures:
©Edward S. Ross
Figure 19.12
Gymnosperms Are “Naked Seed” Plants
Gymnosperms are divided into four groups:
Cycads
Section 19.4
Ginkgo
Conifers
Gnetophytes
Cycad tree: ©Alena Brozova/Alamy; cycad seed: ©Pat Pendarvis; ginko tree: ©Light of Peace/Flickr/Getty Images RF; ginko
seed: ©G. R. "Dick" Roberts/Natural Sciences Image Library; conifer tree: ©Jack Dykinga/Nature Picture Library; pine cone:
©Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold/Getty Images; ephedra: ©Gerald & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited; ephedra reproductive structures:
©Edward S. Ross
Figure 19.12
Gymnosperms Are “Naked Seed” Plants
Gymnosperm
life cycle is an
alternation of
generations.
Section 19.4
Gymnosperms Are “Naked Seed” Plants
Gymnosperm
life cycle
overview
Section 19.4
Figure 19.13
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Pine Life Cycle
Ovule
Ovulate
cone
Pollen
cone
Megasporocyte (2n)
Integument
Microsporocytes
(2n)
Megasporangium
Pollen (2n)
Pollen grain
grains (n) MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS
Mature
sporophyte
(2n)
Microsporangia
Microsporangium (2n)
Seedling
Archegonium
Female
gametophyte
Seeds
Food
reserves
(n)
Seed coat
(2n)
Embryo
(2n)
Sperm
nucleus (n)
Pollen
tube
FERTILIZATION
Egg nucleus (n)
Surviving
megaspore (n)
Angiosperms Produce Seeds in Fruits
Section 19.5
Figure 19.3
Angiosperms Produce Seeds in Fruits
Today, most plant species
have reproductive
structures called flowers,
which develop into seedtoting fruits.
Section 19.5
Red maple flower: ©Dwight Kuhn; cattails: ©Hans Reinhard/Okapia/Science Source;
bee: ©McGraw-Hill Education; banana flower: ©Igor Prahin/Flickr Open/Getty Images RF
Figure 19.16
Angiosperms Produce Seeds in Fruits
Flowers produce pollen and
eggs; wind or animals
usually carry pollen from
plant to plant. Fruits protect
the seeds and disperse
them to new habitats.
Section 19.5
Red maple flower: ©Dwight Kuhn; cattails: ©Hans Reinhard/Okapia/Science Source;
bee: ©McGraw-Hill Education; banana flower: ©Igor Prahin/Flickr Open/Getty Images RF
Figure 19.16
Angiosperms Produce Seeds in Fruits
Variation in flowers and
fruits is the result of millions
of years of evolution.
Section 19.5
Red maple flower: ©Dwight Kuhn; cattails: ©Hans Reinhard/Okapia/Science Source;
bee: ©McGraw-Hill Education; banana flower: ©Igor Prahin/Flickr Open/Getty Images RF
Figure 19.16
Flowers
• The flower is an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual
reproduction
• Many species are pollinated by insects or animals, while some
species are wind-pollinated
• A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified
leaves:
–
Sepals, which enclose the flower
–
Petals, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators
–
Stamens, which produce pollen on their terminal anthers
–
Carpels, which produce ovules
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Stigma
Stamen
Anther
Carpel
Style
Filament
Ovary
Petal
Sepal
Ovule
Angiosperms Produce Seeds in Fruits
Scientists classify the
diverse angiosperms into
several taxa, notably the
eudicots and monocots.
Section 19.5
Figure 19.14
Angiosperms Produce Seeds in Fruits
The angiosperm
life cycle is an
alternation of
generations.
Section 19.5
Angiosperms Produce Seeds in Fruits
Angiosperm
life cycle
overview
Section 19.5
Figure 19.15
Fig. 30-10-4
Angiosperm Life Cycle
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Mature flower on
sporophyte plant
(2n)
Microsporangium
Microsporocytes (2n)
Anther
MEIOSIS
Ovule (2n) Microspore
(n)
Ovary
Germinating
seed
MEIOSIS
Megasporangium
(2n)
Embryo (2n)
Endosperm (3n)
Seed
Seed coat (2n)
Nucleus of
developing
endosperm
(3n)
Male gametophyte
(in pollen grain)
Pollen
(n)
grains
Stigma
Pollen
tube
Megaspore
(n)
Antipodal cells
Female gametophyte Central cell
(embryo sac)
Synergids
Egg (n)
Generative cell
Tube cell
Sperm
Style
Pollen
tube
Sperm
(n)
FERTILIZATION
Zygote (2n)
Egg
nucleus (n)
Discharged sperm nuclei (n)
Figure 19.20
49