Transcript Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae
Introduction
Plants are placed into 2 groups based on structural and
functional similarities, but all plants share the following
characteristics.
A. Eukaryotic
B. Multicellular
C. Have organs and organ systems
E. Have cell walls composed of cellulose
F. Are autotrophic
G. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast of plant cells
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CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2
H. All are non-motile
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Special adaptations are therefore required for reproduction
Plant Structure and Growth
A. Roots – Functions:
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Anchor the plant
Absorb water and minerals
Transport these materials to the stem
Some plants store food in roots
Each root has root hairs, increase
surface area for water absorption
Plant Structure and Growth
B. Stems – Functions:
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Support for the plant
Transport water and minerals
Modified stem for storage of food
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Example: Potato
Plant Structure and Growth
C. Leaves – Functions:
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Main organ for photosynthesis
Large surface area for maximum light absorption
Plant Structure and Growth
Structure of Leaf
a.) Cuticle: waxy covering to prevent water loss
b.) Epidermis: Outermost layer of cells; prevents injury, infection
c.) Mesophyll: Photosynthetic layer of leaf
1. Palisade layer: upper portion of mesophyll with closely packed cells; site
of most photosynthesis
2. Spongy layer: Underside of leaf; loosely – packed cells allow for gas
exchange of CO2 and O2
d.) Vein: xylem and phloem
e.) Stomata: Opening in underside of leaf that allows CO2
(carbon dioxide) to enter and O2 (oxygen) to exit
f.) Guard cells: Control the size of stomata. Work to preserve
balance between allowing for gas exchange
without losing too much water. “Plant sweat” is
known as transpiration.
Plant Structure and Growth
D. Plant Transport
The 2 types of vascular tissue:
1. Xylem: transports water and minerals from the root to
the rest of the plant
2. Phloem: transports “food” (glucose) from the leaves to
the rest of the plant
Plant Structure and Growth
E. Plant growth
1. Primary growth: Life long
growth occurs at the tip of
the stem and the end of the
roots
2. Secondary Growth: Trees
and some other plants have a
second type that allows them
to grow in width or girth.
Plant Structure and Growth
F. Seeds
A seed consist of an embryo surrounded
by a tough protective coat.
Dicot Seed
Plant Classification
Plants are classified into 2 basic groups based
on whether they contain vascular tissue.
Plant Classification
mosses
A. Bryophytes – No
vascular tissue present
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Depends on water for
reproduction
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No vascular system,
therefore no taller
than 20 cm
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Examples: mosses,
hornworts,
liverworts
liverworts
hornworts,
Plant Classification
B. Tracheophytes – contain vascular tissue
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Grow taller
Live in drier climates
The tracheophytes are further subdivided based on the presence
or absence of pollen, seeds and fruit.
1. Pterophytes
2. Gymnosperms
3. Angiosperms
Pterophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Plant Classification
1. Pterophytes – commonly called ferns
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No pollen
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No seeds
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No fruits
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Found predominantly in moist climates because
the sperm must swim to the egg cell
Plant Classification
2. Gymnosperms – “naked seed”
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Have pollen
Have seeds not protected by fruit
No fruit
Cones present
Example: Largest group is the conifers which
includes pines, spruce, cedar
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Have common characteristic leaves called needles,
which are modified to prevent water loss and minimize
ice build – up
Have “flying sperm” or pollen, so they are no longer
tied to water for reproduction
Plant Classification
3. Angiosperms
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Most complex and adaptable
Most successful
Have pollen
Have seeds
Have fruit
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Mature ovary
Contains one or more seeds
Provides embryo with protection
Increases seed dispersal
Plant Classification
Angiosperms cont.
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Have flowers
It enhances pollination
Parts of the flower
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Stamen – male reproductive organ
 Anther – where pollen is produced, which contain the
sperm cells
 Filament – holds up the anther
Pistil – female reproductive organ
 Stigma – sticky to hold pollen
 Style – holds up the sigma
 Ovary – where the egg is produced and fertilized
Petal – colorful and / or scented to attract pollenators
stigma
{
anther
Stamen
filament
style
Carpel
petal
ovule
ovary
Class Monocots
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One cotyledon – seed leaf
Parallel veins on leaves
Fibrous roots
Flower parts in multiples of 3
Ex.: grasses, corn, lilies
Class Dicot
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Two cotyledon
Branching veins on leaves
Tap roots
Flowering parts in multiples of 4 or 5
Ex.: roses, oak trees, etc.
Monocots and Dicots