Transcript THREE WAYS TO CLASSIFY PLANTS

KINGDOM PLANTAE
The World of Plants
WHAT ARE PLANTS?
THE DOMINANT ORGANISMS ON
LAND.
PLANTS PROBABLY EVOLVED
FROM MULTICELLULAR AQUATIC
GREEN ALGAE THAT COULD NOT
SURVIVE ON LAND.
PLANT CHARACTERISTICS:
EUKARYOTIC – has a nucleus
MULTICELLULAR– more than one cell
AUTOTROPHIC – can make own food
* have chlorophyll
* carry out photosynthesis
SESSILE - remains stationary
CELL WALLS OF CELLULOSE
PLANT STRUCTURE
HAVE TRUE TISSUE
1. Dermal-“Skin” for protection
(thick bark, spongy cork or tight
sheath on stems)
-Produces cuticle
2. Vascular – for transport
-Xylem carries water
- Phloem carries sugars
3. Ground – storage, structure &
photosynthesis
Plant Structure (cont.)
HAVE ORGANS:
1. LEAVES to gather sunlight
2. STEMS
3. ROOTS
to support leaves
and flowers
for anchoring
4. FLOWERS for reproduction and to
make seeds.
THREE WAYS TO CLASSIFY PLANTS
1. Vascular (all trees, vines, flowers)
Non-vascular (moss)
2. Seeds (formed in a cone or fruit)
No Seeds (spores in mosses or
ferns)
3. Flowers (angiosperms)
No Flowers (gymnosperms such as
pines, firs, spruces, etc.)
MOSSES are
seedless, nonvascular
plants.
They were the
first land
plants.
FERNS:
LARGEST GROUP OF SEEDLESS
VASCULAR PLANTS
Fern Facts:
* Live in moist habitat
* Need water for reproduction
* Have true leaves, stems & roots
* Vary in size and shape
* Grow on vines and float on the
surface of water
SEEDS: 2 TYPES OF SEED-BEARING
PLANTS
GYMNOSPERMS
(means “naked
seeds)
cone-bearing
trees such as
firs, pines…
produce seeds
inside thin
cones.
CONIFERS: OLDEST SURVIVING
TYPE OF SEED PLANTS. PRODUCE
MALE AND FEMALE CONES.
FEMALE CONE IS
WHERE POLLINATION
BEGINS
MALE CONE
PRODUCES POLLEN
GRAINS
ANGIOSPERMS
(means “seeds encased in fruit)
flower bearing plants
2 Major Groups of Flowering Plants
Monocots:
Seeds that
have
only one
cotyledon.
(inc. bamboo
corn, wheat)
Dicots: Seeds that have two cotyledons
(inc. peas, tomatoes, roses, daisies, etc.)
Leaves
LEAF STRUCTURE
Cuticle
Upper
epidermis
Mesophyll
Bundle sheath
Vascular tissue
Lower epidermis
Guard
cells
stoma
chloroplast
CUTICLE: waxy waterproof layer that coats
the outer parts to help prevent evaporation of
moisture.
MESOPHYLL: the middle part of the leaf
where most of photosynthesis is carried out.
STOMATA: pore-like openings that allow CO2
and O2 to diffuse in and out of the leaf.
GUARD CELLS: specialized cells that control
the opening and closing of the stomata by
responding to changes in water pressure.
LEAF ADAPTATIONS
CHANGES IN STRUCTURE OR FORM
THAT ALLOW FOR BETTER SURVIVAL
IN SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTS
CACTUS NEEDLES TO
PROTECT THEMSELVES
FROM HERBIVORES
PINE NEEDLES (REDUCES
WATER LOSS)
STEMS
STEMS: MAIN FUNCTIONS
1. Support leaves & flowers
2. Transport water and nutrients
throughout the plant.
3. Some are adapted to store food
& remain dormant during
inclement weather
STEM ADAPTATIONS:
TUBERS GROW
UNDERGROUND
AND STORE
FOOD.
BULBS CAN REMAIN
DORMANT FOR A
LONG TIME YET
STILL GROW INTO A
PLANT
ROOTS: 2 TYPES
1. Anchor plants
2. Absorb water & minerals
TAP ROOTS ABLE TO
REACH WATER
FAR BELOW
THE SURFACE
FIBROUS ROOTS
PREVENT THE
EROSION
(WASHING
AWAY) OF TOP
SOIL FROM
HEAVY RAINS.
FLOWERS
The reproductive organ
of a flowering plant
FUNCTION - produce
male (sperm) and
female (egg) gametes &
provide a structure for
fertilization.
Designed to attract specific pollinators.
PARTS OF A FLOWER
Petals
Pistil:
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Stamen:
Sepals
Anther
Filament
Plant Adaptations: Brought about
by Natural Selection to ensure
survival of different circumstances.
1. Biomes
2. Feeding Strategies
3. Chemical Defenses
BIOMES:
AQUATIC PLANTS ABLE TO TOLERATE MUD
SATURATED WITH WATER AND LITTLE TO
NO OXYGEN HAVE TISSUE WITH LARGE
AIR-FILLED SPACES TO ALLOW THE
DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN.
Ex.: LILY PADS
SALT-TOLERANT PLANTS – HAVE
SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT PUMP
SALT OUT OF THE TISSUE AND ONTO
THE LEAF SURFACE TO BE WASHED
OFF BY THE RAIN.
Ex.: MANGROVE TREES
DESERT PLANTS: MUST ENDURE
HOT TEMPERATURES IN THE DAY,
DRY AIR, AND INFREQUENT RAIN.
EXTENSIVE ROOTS, REDUCED
LEAVES AND THICK STEMS ARE THE
MAIN ADAPTATIONS OF DESERT
PLANTS.
CACTUS HAVE LEAVES THAT ARE
REDUCED TO THIN, SHARP SPINES TO
REDUCE WATER LOSS AND THICK
GREEN STEMS TO STORE WATER AND
CARRY OUT PHOTOSYNTHESIS
FEEDING STRATEGIES:
VENUS FLY TRAP
IF AN INSECT
TRIGGERS THE HAIRS
ON THE LEAF, THE LEAF
FOLDS UP TRAPPING
THE INSECT INSIDE.
PITCHER PLANTS
DROWN THEIR PREY
IN THEIR LEAVES
THAT CONTAIN
RAINWATER AND
DIGESTIVE
ENZYMES.
MISTLETOE IS A PARASITIC
PLANT , EXTRACTING
WATER AND NUTRIENTS
FROM ITS HOST PLANT.
CHEMICAL STRATEGIES – PRODUCE
A CHEMICAL COMPOUND THAT HAS
A POWERFUL EFFECT ON
PREDATORY INSECTS.
DIGITALIS PLANT:
POISONOUS TO MOST
INSECTS OR ANIMALS
WHEN EATEN.
TOBACCO PLANTS
CONTAINS NICOTINE
WHICH DISRUPTS
THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM OF
PREDATORY
INSECTS.
THE MILKWEED PLANT IS
TOXIC TO MOST INSECTS
WITH THE EXCEPTION OF
THE MONARCH
BUTTERFLY.
Main Role in Environment
• Plants are the producers
• First link in the food chain
• Provide habitats for animals
Things Plants Produce
medicines
Construction
materials
food
oxygen
fuel