Transcript FRUIT

FRUIT
KRT-2010
1
The life cycle of a plant
Roots grow from a seed.
KRT-2010
2
The life cycle of a plant
Roots grow
from a seed.
Leaves start to grow.
KRT-2010
3
The life cycle of a plant
Roots
grow
from a
seed.
Leaves
start to
grow.
More leaves grow.
Flower buds
appear.
KRT-2010
4
The life cycle of a plant
Roots
grow
from a
seed.
Leaves
start to
grow.
More leaves
grow.
Flower buds
appear.
KRT-2010
The
flowers
open.
5
The life cycle of a plant
The petals die. The
flowers make a fruit
with seeds inside.
KRT-2010
6
The life cycle of a plant
The petals die. The
flowers make a fruit
with seeds inside.
The fruit dries
and falls.
KRT-2010
7
Plant Reproduction
KRT-2010
8
Fruit
In flowering plants
 Fruit is a mature, ripened ovary that
contains the seeds
 Pericarp – the ovary wall
Fruit types
 A. Simple
 B. Aggregate
 C. Multiple
ovary
KRT-2010
9
Ovary develops into a fruit
KRT-2010
10
Fruiting Bodies and Fruits
KRT-2010
11
Developmental origin of fruits
Carpels
Flower
Ovary
Stigma
Stamen
Stamen
Ovule
Raspberry flower
Pea flower
Carpel
(fruitlet)
Seed
Stigma
Ovary
Stamen
Pea fruit
(a) Simple fruit. A simple fruit
develops from a single carpel (or
several fused carpels) of one flower
(examples: pea, lemon, peanut).
Raspberry fruit
(b) Aggregate fruit. An aggregate fruit
develops from many separate
carpels of one flower (examples:
raspberry, blackberry, strawberry).
KRT-2010
Pineapple inflorescence
Each
segment
develops
from the
carpel of
one flower
Pineapple fruit
(c) Multiple fruit. A multiple fruit
develops from many carpels
of many flowers (examples:
pineapple, fig).
12
SIMPLE FRUIT
 The mayority of flowering plant have fruit
composed of a single ovary. These referred to
as simple fruits.
 When the entire pericarp (the ovary wall) of
simple fruits is fleshy, the fruit is refer to berry.
 Simple fleshy fruits having a stony endocarp
(such as peach, plum, olive) are known as
drupes (or stone fruits).
 Simple fleshy fruits in which the inner portion of
the pericarp forms a dry paperlike “core” are
known as pomes (apple, pear, for example).
KRT-2010
13
Fruits
KRT-2010
14
Simple fruit
•Simple fruit – develops from a single ovary of
a single flower.
•Simple fruits can be either fleshy or dry when
mature
Simple fleshy fruit
1. Berry
2. Hesperidium
3. Drupe
4. Pepo
5. Pome
KRT-2010
15
Aggregate Fruit
 Aggregate Fruit develops from one flower
with many separate pistils/carpels, all
ripening simultaneously
 Examples: strawberry, raspberries,
blackberries
KRT-2010
16
C. Multiple fruit
 Multiple fruit develops from ovaries of
several flowers borne/fused together on
the same stalk
 For example: pineapple
KRT-2010
17
How Fruits Form
 Fruits are mature ovaries.
KRT-2010
18
Plant Parts – Fruit
Pomes
Cones
Acorns
KRT-2010
19
Plant Parts – Fruit
Drupes
Brambles
Samara Capsules
KRT-2010
20
Simple fleshy fruit





1. Berry
2. Hesperidium
3. Drupe
4. Pepo
5. Pome
KRT-2010
21
Simple fleshy fruit
 1. Berry – entire fruit wall is
soft and fleshy at maturity.
Inside is slimy.
 For example, grapes, tomato,
etc.
 2. Hesperidium is a berry
with tough, leathery rind (peel)
 Examples: oranges, lemons,
other citrus.
KRT-2010
22
Simple fleshy fruit: drupe
 3. Drupe type – outer part of fruit wall is
soft and fleshy, inner part is hard and
stony
 For example: cherry, plum, peach, and
apricot
KRT-2010
23
Simple fleshy fruit: pepo
 4. Pepo – also a fleshy fruit with a tougher
outer rind
 All member of the squash family: pumpkin,
melons, cucumbers
KRT-2010
24
Simple fleshy fruit: pome
 5. Pomes: most of the fleshy part of pomes
develops from the enlarged base of the
perianth (corolla and calyx) that has fused
with the ovary wall
 Pomes include apple, and pear
KRT-2010
25
Simple dry fruit: capsule
 Simple dry fruits are dry (not fleshy) at
maturity. Simple dry fruits that open at
maturity include: capsules and legumes
 Capsule – fruit is dry at maturity and splits
open along several seams
 Example: Cotton
KRT-2010
26
Simple dry fruit: Legumes
 Legumes are dry at maturity and split open
along two seams
 Examples: pea pods, bean pods, peanut
KRT-2010
27
Simple dry fruits
 Simple dry fruits that do NOT open at
maturity include
 Caryopsis: seed coat is fused
to the ovary wall (cereal grains
like wheat, corn, barley, rice)
 Nuts: single-ovary wall and
seed coat remain separate,
ovary wall is very hard
(chestnut, walnut, acorns)
KRT-2010
28
Dry Fruit Types
KRT-2010
29
Fleshy fruit types
KRT-2010
30
Dry Fruit Types
Name
Characteristics
Examples
Follicle
Dehiscent; from single carpel that splits down one
side at maturity.
Columbine, milkweed
Legume
Dehiscent; like follicles, but split down both sides.
Pea family (Fabaceae)
Silique
Dehiscent; from two fused carpels; at maturity the
sides split off, leaving seeds attached to persistent
central portion.
Mustard family (Brassicaceae)
Capsule
Dehiscent; from compound ovary with either
superior or inferior ovary
Poppy family (Papaveraceae)
Achene
Indehiscent; small single-seeded fruit, seed lies free
in the cavity except for attachment by funiculus
(stalk of the ovule).
Buttercup family
(Ranunculaceae), buckwheat
family (Polygonaceae)
Samara
Indehiscent; winged achenes.
Elm, ash
Caryopsis
Indehiscent; achene-like fruit of grasses; seed coat
firmly united to fruit wall.
Grass family (Poaceae)
Cypsela
Indehiscent; achene-like, complex; derived from
inferior ovary.
Sunflower family (Asteraceae)
Nut
Indehiscent; achene-like, with stony fruit wall and
derived from compound ovary.
Acorn, hazelnut, pecan
Schizocarp
Indehiscent; splits at maturity
into two or more oneKRT-2010
seeded portions.
Parsely family (Apiaceae), maples
31
(Aceraceae), some others.
SEED
 A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a
covering called the seed coat, usually with some
stored food.
 It is the product of the ripened ovule of
gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which
occurs after fertilization.
 The formation of the seed completes the process
of reproduction in seed plants (started with the
development of flower and pollination), with the
embryo developed from the zygote and the seed
coat from the integuments of the ovule.
KRT-2010
32
 Seed completes the prosess of reproduction
initiated in the flower, and it always consists of
an embryo surrounded by seed coats.
 Double fertilization involves
a. fusion of egg and sperm nuclei to form
a zigote nucleus, and
b. fusion of polar nuclei with second
sperm nucleus to form a primary
endosperm nucleus
KRT-2010
33
Ovule
develops
into seed
KRT-2010
34
Seed includes three basic
parts:
 (1) an embryo,
 (2) a supply of nutrients for the
embryo,
 (3) a seed coat.
KRT-2010
35
KRT-2010
36
How are seeds made?
The stamen inside the
flower makes pollen.
stamen
KRT-2010
37
How are seeds made?
stamen
The stamen inside the
flower makes pollen.
Plants need pollen from a
different flower to make
seeds.
KRT-2010
38
How are seeds made?
stamen
The stamen inside the
flower makes pollen.
Plants need pollen from a
different flower to make
seeds. When the flower
is pollinated the seeds
start to grow.
KRT-2010
39
How are seeds made?
Some flowers need
insects to pollinate
them.
KRT-2010
40
How are seeds made?
Some flowers need
insects to pollinate
them. The pollen
sticks to bees or
insects.
KRT-2010
41
How are seeds made?
Some flowers need
insects to pollinate
them. The pollen
sticks to bees or
insects. The pollen is
taken to other flowers.
KRT-2010
42
How are seeds made?
Some flowers need insects to
pollinate them. The pollen
sticks to bees or insects. The
pollen is taken to other
flowers.
Plants like grass and trees do
not have bright petals.
KRT-2010
43
How are seeds made?
Some flowers need insects to
pollinate them. The pollen
sticks to bees or insects. The
pollen is taken to other
flowers.
Plants like grass and trees do
not have bright petals. Their
pollen is blown by the wind.
KRT-2010
44
Parthenocarpy
 Parthenocarpy: production of fruit
without fertilization i.e. pineapple,
navel orange, seedless grape.
 Auxins, a plant hormone, or
synthetically derived growth
substances can be applied to
encourage parthenocarpy. From
the first page, we saw how genetic
manipulation can be used to also
produce such fruit.
KRT-2010
45
Angiosperm Embryo
Development
KRT-2010
46
KRT-2010
47
Epigeous
In epigeous (or epigeal) germination, the hypocotyl
elongates and forms a hook, pulling rather than pushing
the cotyledons and apical meristem through the soil.
Once it reaches the surface, it straightens and pulls the
cotyledons and shoot tip of the growing seedlings into the
air. Beans and papaya are examples of plant that
germinate this way
Hypogeous
Another way of germination is hypogeous (or hypogeal)
where the epicotyl elongates and forms the hook. In this
type of germination, the cotyledons stay underground
where they eventually decompose. Peas, for example,
germinate this way
KRT-2010
48
Dormancy
 Many live seeds have dormancy, meaning they will not
germinate even if they have water and it is warm enough
for the seedling to grow.
 Dormancy is broken or ended by a number of different
conditions. Environmental factors like light, temperature,
fire, ingestion by animals and others are conditions that
can end seed dormancy.
 Internally seeds can be dormant because of plant
hormones such as absciscic acid, which affects seed
dormancy and prevents germination, while the
production and application of the hormone gibberellin
can break dormancy and induces seed germination
KRT-2010
49
Seed Dispersal
 Wind
 The plant itself - Tumbleweed
 Water
 Animals
 Storage
 Ingestion, external transport (hooks - barbs)
 Explosions (dehiscence)
KRT-2010
50
KRT-2010
51
Seed Dispersal
• The wind blows the plant
and the seeds fall out.
• The fruit breaks open. The
seeds fall.
• Some seeds have
parachutes. The wind blows
the seeds away.
• Some seeds have wings.
They fly through the air for a
long way.
KRT-2010
52
KRT-2010
53
Seed Dispersal
Animals help disperse
some seeds.
Fleshy fruits eaten and
dispersed with feces
KRT-2010
54
Seed Dispersal
 Importance of:




Colonization
Survival of species
Wildlife preservation
Community structure (assemblages of
plants and animals)
 Global climate
 Environmental quality
KRT-2010
55