Transcript Plant Cultivation_Fill in the Gaps

Growing Conditions
Factors that a gardener needs to consider to
maximise plant growth:
• W
• L
– motorised screens, shading
• Suitable t
– greenhouses,
polytunnels, cloches, ventilators, fans,
fleece
• Growing m
(soil, compost etc)
• H
Photosynthesis
C
+w
O
+g
Unhealthy Plant
•
•
•
•
W
– under watering
P
Damage – aphids, slugs
Poor G
F
Disease – damping off, potato
blight
Biological Pest Control
• Predator of the pest used to eat the pest
• Example: Ladybird is a p
to an
aphid
• Advantage – No p
• Disadvantage – Can change predator-prey
relationships, changing the e
K
Mineral Nutrients
N
P
Too much N
Stem grows too
Burns the
and
and crop
over
Fertilisers – absorbed by the r
Organic
Inorganic
• adds h
and so improves
crumb structure
• decays slowly so releases n
over a long time
•c
and easy to obtain
• contains other nutrients needed
by plants such as m
• contains l
quantities of
known amounts of nutrients
• releases nutrients q
• easy to s
A
S
S
O
S
O
Cross Pollination
The transfer of pollen from the a
flower of the same s
This increases genetic v
of one flower to the s
of another
so plants are able to adapt to their surroundings
Self Pollination
The transfer of pollen from the a
s
of one flower to the s
of the
flower.
Advantage
Disadvantage
Does not require another plant of the same species near by
Little genetic variation in offspring
Wind Pollinated Plants
Lots of small, light p
produced so it can be carried by the w
Flower small and green and not scented since it does not need to
attract i
Insect Pollinated Plants
Brightly coloured,
scented flowers to
attract i
Anthers and stigma I
flower in the best position for
the insect
Small quantities of
large, sticky p
is produced
N
is produced
A word of caution
Make sure that there are I
or w
in glass houses and polytunnels
Vegetative Reproduction
• This is asexual
• All offspring are genetically i
to
the parents
• Growers know what they will produce
• If one plant gets a d
they will all get
the disease
Runners eg. S
plants
An above ground stem
R
eg. Ginger
An underground stem
Bulbs eg. O
Leaves become swollen with food
stores.
Seed Germination
Testa (Seed Coat)
Plumule
Tough, so w
is
needed to swell the seed
and break the testa before
the seed can g
Young s
Radicle
Cotyledons (Food Store)
Glucose + O
Young r
Energy
E
are needed for respiration
therefore seeds only germinate in the w
Light is not usually needed for germination except in
certain seeds such as l
Raising Plants from Seed
Growing from seed
• Thinning out: weak seedlings r
to
give others more room
• Pricking out: Lift the seedlings out carefully
holding their c
(seed leaves) and
re-plant in a new tray to allow seedlings to
grow well.
• Potting on – give seedlings more r
to
grow
• light sensors
• temperature probes
• carbon dioxide sensors
• pH meters
• humidity sensors
White Rose
Red Rose
Phenotype:
Phenotype:
Genotype:
Genotype:
The allele for red flowers is d
over the allele for white flowers
All the F1 generation
are
Inheritance of Flower Colour Using A Punnet Square
A red flowered plant was crossed with a white flowered plant. What is the ratio of
phenotypes and genotypes in their offspring?
R
R
b
r
b
r
Percentage Genotypes:
Percentage Phenotypes:
Rr
r
r
Soil Cultivation by Hand
• aerates the s
• removes w
• improves d
• FYM can be added to improve
crumb structure
•r
to produce a good tilth
Clay
Water
Humus
Sand
Silt
Storing Crops
Ripening
Bruising
Pests
Diseases