Transcript Review Material for Plant form and function

Plant Biology
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Plant Cell
Evolution
Life Cycles
Structures
Transport
Hormones
Tropisms
Photoperiodism
• Auxin –
– Promotes plant cell growth, apical dominance and
cell elongation
• Cytokinens –
– Cell growth in roots, removes axilary buds from
apical dominance,
• Gibberillins –
– Cell elongation between nodes, seed germination,
fruit development, seedless fruits
• Ethylene –
– Fruit ripening, leaf abscission, (gas)
• Abscisic acid –
– Closing of stomata, maintains seed dormancy
3. A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a
tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy
and life cycle, the following characteristics are
noted: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids,
separate gametophyte and sporophyte phases,
and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely
related to *
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mosses.
Chara.
ferns.
liverworts.
flowering plants.
1. A botanist discovers a new species of plant
with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophyll a and
b, and a cell wall made of cellulose. In
assigning this plant to a division, all of the
following would provide useful information
except whether or not the plant has *
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endosperm.
seeds.
flagellated sperm.
flowers.
starch.
2. Assume that a botanist was visiting a tropical
region for the purpose of discovering plants with
medicinal properties. All of the following might be
ways of identifying potentially useful plants except
– observing which plants sick animals seek out.
– observing which plants are the most used food
plants.
– observing which plants animals do not eat.
– collecting plants and subjecting them to chemical
analysis.
– asking local people which plants they use as
medicine.
1.What is one result of an organism having
meristems?
– a rapid change from juvenile to adult state
– a seasonal change in leaf morphology
– a rapid change from a vegetative state to
a reproductive state
– indeterminate, life-long growth
– production of a fixed number of segments
during growth
2.One important difference between the anatomy
of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that
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only leaves have phloem and only roots have
xylem.
the cells of roots have cell walls that are lacking
in leaf cells.
a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent in
roots.
vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent
from leaves.
leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not.
4. While studying the plant Arabidopsis, a
botanist finds that an RNA probe produces
colored spots in the sepals of the plant. From
this information, which information can be
inferred?
– The differently colored plants will attract different
pollinating insects.
– The RNA probe is transported only to certain tissues.
– The colored regions were caused by mutations that
took place in the sepals.
– The RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals.
– More research needs to be done on the sepals of
Arabidopsis.
5. Which of these statements about human
evolution is true?
– The ancestors of Homo sapiens were
chimpanzees and other apes.
– Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly
fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo
sapiens.
– The evolution of upright posture and enlarged
brain occurred simultaneously.
– Different features have evolved at different rates.
– Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that modern
humans are genetically very similar to
Neanderthals.
• What mechanism explains the movement of
sucrose from source to sink?
– evaporation of water and active transport of sucrose from
the sink
– osmotic movement of water into the sucrose-loaded
sieve-tube members creating a higher hydrostatic
pressure in the source than in the sink
– tension created by the differences in hydrostatic pressure
in the source and sink
– active transport of sucrose through the sieve-tube cells
driven by proton pumps
– the hydrolysis of starch to sucrose in the mesophyll cells
that raises their water potential and drives the bulk flow of
sap to the sink
2. The main mechanism(s) determining the
direction of short-distance transport within a
potato tuber is (are)
– diffusion due to concentration differences and
bulk flow due to pressure differences.
– pressure flow through the phloem.
– active transport due to the hydrolysis of ATP and
ion transport into the tuber cells.
– determined by the structure and function of the
tonoplast of the tuber cells.
– not affected by temperature and pressure.
3.A water molecule could move all the way
through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air
and pass through a living cell only once. This
living cell would be a part of which structure?
– the Casparian strip
– a guard cell
– the root epidermis
– the endodermis
– the root cortex
4.Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves
wilt because
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flaccid cells are incapable of photosynthesis.
CO2 accumulates in the leaves and inhibits
photosynthesis.
there is insufficient water for photolysis during
light reactions.
stomata close, preventing CO2 entry into the
leaf.
the chlorophyll of flaccid cells cannot absorb
light.
6.Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube
because
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sucrose has diffused into the sieve tube, making
it hypertonic.
sucrose has been actively transported into the
sieve tube, making it hypertonic.
water pressure outside the sieve tube forces in
water.
the companion cell of a sieve tube actively pumps
in water.
sucrose has been dumped from the sieve tube by
active transport.
7.In the pressure-flow hypothesis of
translocation, what causes the pressure?
– root pressure
– the osmotic uptake of water by sieve tubes at
the source
– the accumulation of minerals and water by the
stele in the root
– the osmotic uptake of water by the sieve
tubes of the sink
– hydrostatic pressure in xylem vessels
• What does self-incompatibility provide for a
plant?
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means of transferring pollen to another plant
a means of coordinating the fertilization of an
egg with the development of stored nutrients
a means of destroying foreign pollen before it
fertilizes the egg cell
a biochemical block to self-fertilization so that
cross-fertilization is assured
a means of producing seeds without the need
for fertilization
2.What is the relationship between pollination
and fertilization in flowering plants? *
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Fertilization precedes pollination.
Pollination easily occurs between plants of
different species.
Pollen is formed within megasporangia so that
male and female gametes are near each other.
Pollination brings gametophytes together so that
fertilization can occur.
If fertilization occurs, pollination is unnecessary.
2. The heavy line in this figure illustrates the
relationship between auxin concentration and
cell growth in stem tissues. If the same range
of concentrations was applied to lateral buds,
what curve would probably be produced? *
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I only
II only
III only
II and III
either I or III
3. A botanist exposed two groups of plants (of the
same species) to two photoperiods, one with 14
hours of light and 10 hours of dark and the other
with 10 hours of light and 14 hours of dark. Under
the first set of conditions, the plants flowered, but
they failed to flower under the second set of
conditions. Which of the following conclusions would
be consistent with these results?
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The critical night length is 14 hours.
The plants are short-day plants.
The critical day length is 10 hours.
The plants can convert phytochrome to florigen.
The plants flower in the spring.