Transcript Diversity Lab Presentation

Diversity of Life on Earth
• Biologists have identified 1.5 – 1.8 million species:
– 300,000 plants (~17%)
– About 1.1 million animals (about 73%)
• 60,000 vertebrates
• 750,000 – 1 million insects
• About 10,000 new species are added each year
• Mostly insects from tropical rain forests
• Estimates of the total diversity of life:
~11 million to over 100 million species
Changes everyday & semester.
Top 10 New Species of 2013
Table 2. Currently catalogued and predicted total number of species on Earth and in the
ocean.
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127.t002 Aug 23, 2011
Species
Earth
Ocean
Catalogued Predicted
±SE
Catalogue
d
Predicted
±SE
Animalia
953,434
7,770,000
958,000
171,082
2,150,000
145,000
Chromista
13,033
27,500
30,500
4,859
7,400
9,640
Fungi
43,271
611,000
297,000
1,097
5,320
11,100
Plantae
215,644
298,000
8,200
8,600
16,600
9,130
Protozoa
8,118
36,400
6,690
8,118
36,400
6,690
Total
1,233,500
8,740,000
1,300,000
193,756
2,210,000
182,000
Archaea
502
455
160
Bacteria
10,358
9,680
3,470
652
1,320
436
Total
10,860
10,100
3,630
653
1,320
436
Grand Total
1,244,360 8,750,000
1,300,000
194.409
2,210,000
182,000
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
0
The diversity of life can be arranged into Three domains
(protozoans and algae,
falling into multiple
kingdoms)
Common Ancestor
THREE DOMAINS
Taxonomic
categories
D
Kings
Play
Chess
On
Fine
Grain
Sand
The Prokaryotic Tree of Life
Autotroph: self-feeder; normally , a photosynthetic
organism, a producer; plants, some bacteria, protists
Heterotroph: “other-feeders”; an organism that eats other
organisms; a consumer; Many archaens, bacteria, and
protists, all fungi, and animals
Binary
fission
About 5,000 described
May be 1,000 time more undescribed
Domain Bacteria Ch. 27
• Related to Eukaryotic mitochondria (cellular respiration)
and chloroplasts (photosynthesis).
• Metabolism of respiring bacteria is very much like that of
the mitochondrion.
• Metabolism of cyanobacteria is very much like that of a
chloroplast.
• Cyanobacteria have DIFFERENT cellular respiration
pathway than respiring bacteria.
http://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp/index
• The Human Microbiome Project.
• Habitat: Everywhere.
You Are 10% Human. 90% Bacteria.
http://www.treehugger.com/green-food/you-are10-human-90-bacteria-video.html
Domain Archaea Ch. 27
• Most primitive types of cells.
• Earliest evolution of
metabolic pathways;
prokaryotes.
• Most modern examples live
in extreme environments
(> 100 C, pH, salt.)
• Related to outer cell of
Eukaryotes, especially by
http://archaea.ucsc.edu/ge
gene structure.
nomes/archaea/
Domain Eukaryota
• About 1.5 billion years old
• All have nucleus and mitochondria
• Some have chloroplasts
• Ancestry: Outer cell from
Archaeans; mitochondrion from
respiring bacteria; chloroplasts
(plastids) from cyanobacteria.
Ch. 28,
29 & 30,
31,
32,33, & 34
The Eukaryotic Tree of Life
Kingdoms in Eukaryota
•
•
•
•
About 1.5 billion years old
Protista – single-celled or colonial.
Very little cell differentiation within
colonies. (e.g. algae, Volvox). Variety
of structures, organelles, life styles.
Fungi – saprophytes, multicellular
Plantae – photosynthetic, multicellular
Animalia – heterotrophic by ingestion,
multicellular
Four Main Varieties of Plants
• Bryophytes
(moss): no fluid
transporting
vascular system
• Ferns: seedless
vascular plants
• Coniferophytes
(conifers): seeds
• Anthophytes
(Flowering
plants): seeds,
fruits.
Mosses
Ferns
Flowering
Conifers plants
Flowers
seedless
nonvascular
Seeds
Vascular tissue
Multicellularity
Green Algae
The Division of Plants
Division
Number of Species
Bryophyta (mosses)
Psilotophyta
Lycopodophyta
Equisetophyta (horsetails)
Pteridophyta (ferns)
Coniferophyta (conifers)
Cycadophyta (cycads)
Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)
Gnetophyta
Angiosperm (flowering plants)
16,000
Small
1,100
15
12,000
1,000
100
1
70
280,000
Heterotrophic organisms, both single-celled and multicellular
Mushroom, yeast, mold – Penicillium sp.
Saprophyte, any organism that derives its nutriment from decaying vegetable or animal matter.
Mushrooms, molds, and other types of fungi are the most abundant saprophytes. Certain types of
bacteria, some seed plants, and some orchids are also saprophytes. Saprophytes produce enzymes
that break down organic matter into absorbable nutrients. Most saprophytic seed plants derive
their food in conjunction with symbiotic fungi that are attracted to their roots and convert decaying
matter into nutrients.
100,000 species
Divisions (Phyla) in Plant Kingdom
•
•
•
•
Bryophyta – mosses
Pterophyta – ferns
Coniferophyta – cone-bearing seed plants
Angiospermophyta – flowering seed plants
– Class Monocotyledonae – leaves directly from
stems
– Class Dicotyledonae – leaves have a petiole
(stalk) attached to stems
Ancient
Recent
Recent
3
2
1
Major Animal Phyla:
Ancient
A Simple
Classification
Scheme for
Animals
Invertebrates
Vertebrates
(< 3%)
The Nine Major Animal Phyla: 95% Invertebrates
In red: radially symmetrical
Phylum Porifera: sponges
Phylum Cnidaria: hydra, sea anemones, and jellyfish
Phylum Platyhelminthes: flukes
Phylum Nematode: heartworm
Phylum Annelida: earthworms
Phylum Arthropoda: insects, arachnids, and crustaceans
Phylum Mollusca: snails, clams, and squid
Phylum Echinodermata: sea stars, sea urchins, and sea
cucumber
Phylum Chordata: the tunicates, lancelets, & vertebrates
1. Phylum Porifera: sponges
~5000 species,
primarily marine,
aggregates of single
cells with some
cellular specialization,
no tissues. Sessile
feeders.
Asexual or sexual.
Many produce toxins.
Asymmetrical
2. Phylum Cnidaria: corals, jellyfish, hydra, & sea
anemones (cnido – stinging nettle, scratching)
Cells organized into distinct
tissues
Rudimentary nerve network and
contractile tissue but lack
true organs
Nematocysts -- cnidocytes
Two distinct body plans:
polyp: attached;
medusa: free swimming
Mouth and anus are same
opening
Reproduce asexually (polyps) and
sexually
Radial symmetry
3. Phylum Platyhelminthes: flatworms
Development of bilateral symmetry
Ability to move forward
using aggregations of
nerve cells, ganglia
Still one gastrovascular
opening
True organs begin to evolve, no true coelom yet!
Many are free living-planarians; some are parasitictapeworm and fluke
4. Phylum Nematode: the roundworms -~12,000 species.
Advanced tubular
gastrovascular cavity with
two openings
Advanced sensory
"ganglionic brain"
Lack circulatory and
respiratory systems
Depend on diffusion for gas
exchange
Most are free-living; a few
are parasitic-hookworm,
Trichina, dog heartworm,
pinworm – elephantiasis.
Not segmented yet!
5. Phylum Annelida: the segmented worms
Earthworms, ringed worms, leeches
Repeating segmented rings that contain
identical copies of nerve ganglia
Excretory structures; muscles that advanced
locomotion ability
Fluid-filled body cavity-coelom; involved in
locomotion
Development of a true closed circulatory
system
Evolved many rudimentary organ systemsnervous, excretory, circulatory, muscular,
and compartmentalized digestive tract
5. Phylum Annelida: the segmented worms
6. Phylum Mollusca: 100,000 species including
snails, clams, and squids -- Second largest phylum
Have a moist muscular body without a skeletn Are
found in aquatic or moist terrestrial habitats
Body is protected by a calcium carbonate shell
Complex, concentrated, ganglionic brain, open
circulatory system
1) Class Gastropoda-snails and
sea slugs
2) Class Pelecypoda- scallops,
oysters, and clams
3) Class Cephalopoda-octopuses,
squid,and nautiluses
7. Phylum Arthropoda: the insects,
arachnids, and crustaceans
a. The most numerous both in individuals and species
b. Evolutionary adaptations allow them to reside in
diverse environments
Reside in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats
c. Class Insecta-800,000 species
7. Phylum Arthropoda: the insects,arachnids,
and crustaceans
Evolutionary adaptations
1) Jointed legs
2) Exoskeleton for water conservation and
support
3) Segmentation
4) Well-developed sensory and nervous
systems
5) Efficient gas-exchange mechanisms
6) Well-developed circulatory systems
Reside in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats
Phylum Arthropoda: terrestrial -- the insects &
arachnids
1. Class Insecta-800,000 species
Have three pairs of legs and usually two pairs
of wings; make escape from predators easier
Metamorphosis eliminates competition for food
between generations
The importance of insects
2. Class Arachnida-50,000 species
spiders, mites, ticks, and scorpions
Have eight walking legs
Are carnivorous
Have simple eyes with
a single lens
Phylum Arthropoda: Aquatic -- crustaceans
3. Class Crustacea-30,000
aquatic species of crabs,
crayfish, lobster, shrimp,
and barnacles
Vary in size from
microscopic to 12 feet
Vary in number of
appendages
Have two pairs of
antennae generally with
compound eyes
Exchange gases using
gills
8. Phylum Echinodermata: sea stars, sea
urchins, and sea cucumber
Possesses an endoskeleton
composed of calcium
carbonate
Lack a head and
circulatory system
Have a simple nervous
system with no distinct
brain
Use a water vascular
system for slow movement
Can regenerate lost parts
9. Phylum Chordata: the tunicates, lancelets,
and vertebrates
Have notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal
gill grooves, and a tail
Subphyla
1) Invertebrates-lancelets and tunicates
a) Lack a head and backbone
b) marine habitat
2) Vertebrates-only 2.5% of all animal
organisms living on Earth today
Vertebrates-phylum Chordata, subphylum
Vertebrata
1. Notochord is replaced by a vertebral
column composed of cartilage or
bone that is used for support,
muscle attachment, and protection
2. Endoskeleton allows for easier
growth and mobility
3. Seven major classes
Seven major classes
1. Class Agnatha- jawless fish
1) Skeleton of cartilage and eel-like shape
2) Unpaired fins, lack scales
3) Slimy skin perforated by circular gill openings
2. Class Chondrichthyes- "cartilage fishes"-sharks, skates,
and rays
1) Leathery skin
2) Respire by gills
3) Have a two chamber heart
3. Class Osteichthyes- "bony fishes
1) Varied forms
2) Supplemental lungs for fresh
water living
3) Fleshy fins
4. Class Amphibia-adaptations enabled the
movement from aquatic to terrestrial
existence- frogs, toads and salamanders
1) Bony support for the body
2) Waterproofing for the skin and eggs
3) Moist protection of the respiratory
membranes
4) Development of adult lungs
5) Control of body temperature
6) Still need an aquatic habitat for
reproduction
5. Class Reptilia-evolved 250 million
years ago from the amphibians with
complete independence from aquatic
habitat- turtles, snakes, lizards, alligators,
crocodiles, dinosaurs
1)
2)
3)
4)
Tough scaly skin
Internal fertilization
Shelled amniotic egg
Skeleton modified for better support and
locomotion
6. Class Aves-evolved about 150 million
years ago from the reptiles and took to the
air- all bird species
1) Warm-blooded
2) Four-chambered heart for more efficient
circulation
3) Air sacs part of the respiratory system
4) Feathers for protection and insulation
5) Acute sensory and nervous system
7. Class Mammalia-evolved 70? million years ago
from the reptiles after the extinction of the
dinosaurs
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Warm-blooded
Four-chambered heart
Fur for insulation and protection
Legs for running fast to avoid predators
Mammary glands to nurse their young, who are
born alive
6) Complex cerebral cortex-increased learning
ability
Includes egg-laying monotremes, marsupials
(opossums, koalas, kangaroos) and placental
mammals
Associations to Learn
• Prokaryote/ Eukaryote – types of cells. Presence
or absence of nucleus, mitochondria,
chloroplasts; ability to respire & photosynthesize
• Eukaryotic Kingdoms – types of nutrition,
presence and composition of cell walls, presence
of centrioles (for flagella & cilia – all have it
except Divisions Coniferophyta and Anthophyta
in plant kingdom)
Lab Quiz Example.
Female Aedes aegypti mosquito after
her bloody lunch.
Class: _______.