Transcript The Glimpse of Chinese Culture

A Glimpse of Chinese Culture
Chapter 9
Culinary Culture
本章教学的目的
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1. 中国饮食文化的介绍
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2. 中国茶酒文化的介绍
本章教学的重难点
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1. 中国饮食特点
2. 中国八大菜系
3. 中国茶文化
4. 中国酒文化
本章教学的时间安排
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教师课堂讲解 (60 minutes)
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1. Chinese Food (30 minutes)
2. Chinese Tea (15 minutes)
3. Chinese Wine (15 minutes)
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讨论 (10 minutes)
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学生课件展示 (30 minutes)
Chinese Food
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The Features of Chinese Food
Eight Regional Cuisines
Table Manners
The features of Chinese Food
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Colour, Aroma, and Taste
Colour refers not only to the beautiful color of
the food, but also to the layout and design.
 Aroma refers to the fragrant and appetising
smell of the dishes served on the table before
eating.
 Taste is not only associated with tasting the
food itself, but also with the appreciation of
seasonings and texture.
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Cooking Methods
 Time and temperature play an important role in
cooking.
 They include boiling (煮), stewing (煲/炖),
braising (烧/焖/烩), frying (煎), stir-frying (炒),
quick-frying (爆), deep-frying (炸), frying and
simmering (扒), sautéing (快煎), simmering
(煨), smoking (熏), roasting or barbecuing (烤),
baking (烘), steaming (蒸) and scalding (白灼).
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Seasonings
Taste mainly depends on the seasonings.
 There are many tastes—salty (salt, soy sauce),
sweet (sugar, honey), sour (vinegar), pungent
(chili, ginger, scallion 葱), fragrant (sesame oil
香油, coriander 香菜, wine), prickled (麻的)
(prickly ash 花椒) and tangy (monosodium
glutamate or MSG 味精) and bitter (dried
tangerine 陈皮, bitter apricot kernel 苦杏仁).
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Yin-yang Principle
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Each food has its own characteristics of yin or
yang. Yin foods are thin, cooling and low in
calories. Yang foods are rich, spicy, warming
and high in calories. Boiling food makes them
yin; frying them makes them yang.
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Medicinal Function
In China, people contend that a food tonic (食
补) is much better than a medicine in fortifying
one's health.
 Based on traditional Chinese herbal medicine
practice, medicinal cuisine combines strictly
processed traditional Chinese medicine with
traditional culinary (烹饪的) materials to
produce delicious food with health-restoring
qualities.
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Eight Regional Cuisines
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Foods vary from north to south. Tastes also
differ regionally because of the climatic
differences. One popular summary of
Chinese food is “sweet in the south, salty in
the north, sour in the west and spicy in the
east”.
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Shandong Cuisine,
also known as Lu Cai,
is famous for its
qualities of freshness,
clear colours,
dedication to fragrance
and pure tastes.
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Sichuan Cuisine, also
known as Chuan Cai, is
famous for its many
flavors, especially for its
hot and pungent
flavoring.
Almost every dish has its
own unique taste.
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Guangdong Cuisine is
known as Yue Cai (粤菜).
Tasting clean, light, crisp
and fresh.
It usually has fowl (家禽)
and other meats to
produce its unique dishes.
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Fujian Cuisine, also known as
Min Cai, is noted for its light
taste and sweet and sour flavour.
The cooking puts great emphasis
on choosing the choicest
ingredients, and is thus
particularly apt in preparing
seafood dishes.
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Jiangsu Cuisine, also known
as Su Cai, has
characteristically sweet taste.
It preserves the food’s
original flavour, while
emphasising strictly choice
ingredients, exquisite
workmanship, and elegant
shapes.
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Zhejiang Cuisine, also known
as Zhe Cai, has won a
reputation for freshness,
tenderness, softness, and
smoothness in its dishes with
mellow fragrance.
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Anhui Cuisine, also
known as Hui Cai, is
highly distinctive not
only for its elaborate
choices of cooking
ingredients but also for
its strict control of the
cooking process.
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Hunan Cuisine, also
known as Xiang Cai, is
akin to that of the
chili-rich Sichuan
dishes.
It is also characterised
by a dense pungent
flavor. Chili, pepper
and shallot are
necessities in this
cuisine.
Table Manners
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Arrangement of seats
At a formal banquet, the host prepares adequate
seating for the guests. For a large number of
guests, the elderly or people of high status are
allocated specific seats. Special guests and the
elderly sit on the north side of the table or directly
facing the entrance to the room. The concept of
“honoured south, humble north” is closely related
with traditional Chinese etiquette.
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Toasts
Once the guests are seated, the host proposes a
toast to the guests whilst saying, “Drink first to
show respect”(先干为敬). Then the host and
guests empty their glasses, which are refilled in
readiness for the next of many toasts.
It is perfectly acceptable to have three toasts
(traditionally signifying friendship) with the entire
company, rather than one separate toast for every
individual present. Some other toasts can be
offered: “Toast for your health”, “Toast to our
friendship”, etc.
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The courses
Serving order is from cold to hot. Hot entrees (主
菜) should be served starting on the left of the seat
across from the main guests. The meal then begins
with a set of at least four cold dishes followed by
the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes.
Soup is served next (unless in Guangdong style
restaurant) with the local staple food such as rice,
noodles and dumplings being served last.
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Chinese chopsticks
The correct holding of
the chopsticks is to
grab the chopsticks in
the middle, making
sure that the ends are
even.
Chinese Tea
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China has a rich and
sophisticated tea
culture. The Chinese
have a common saying,
“Seven things in the
house: firewood, rice,
oil, salt, soy sauce,
vinegar and tea”.
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The art of tea making and drinking evolved
through the dynasties. It focuses on the
method of brewing tea, the drinking utensils
and the serving etiquette.
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Tea Classification
The five types are green tea (绿茶), black tea
(红茶), oolong tea (乌龙茶), compressed tea
(砖茶: brick tea), and scented tea (花茶).
Some minor types are white tea and yellow
tea.
Green tea is the most
natural of all Chinese teas.
It refers to tea made
without being fermented.
It’s called green tea
because the tea liquid and
tea leaves are greenish.
About 50% of China's teas
are green tea.
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Black tea is fermented before
baking. It’s so named
because the tea liquid and tea
leaves are reddish black. It
tastes sweet and can facilitate
the fostering of yang energy
in the human body and erase
the greasiness of the stomach.
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Oolong tea sits half way
between green tea and
black tea in the sense that
it's half- fermented. Typical
oolong tea leaves are green
in the middle and red on
the edges as a result of the
process to soften tea leaves.
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Compressed tea is made by
compressing steamed tea
leaves into molds such as
bricks, cakes, columns and
other shapes. Most Chinese
Compressed tea uses black
tea as its base. Compressed
tea can be stored for years or
even decades. Aged
Compressed tea has a gentle
flavor.
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Chinese Scented tea is a
unique class of Chinese tea.
It is made from fragrant
flowers. It is subdivided into
flower tea and scented tea.
Flower Tea is from dried
flowers with little processing.
Scented tea is a mixture of
green tea with flower petals.
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White tea is nonfermented, non-rubbed,
non-scented tea with
natural fragrance. Famous
varieties include Silver
Needle (白毫银珍) and
White Peony (白牡丹).
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Yellow Tea has yellow
leaves and yellow tea
colour. It's an
uncommon class of
Chinese tea. The flavor
is mild and refreshing.
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Tea Etiquette
Serving a cup of tea is more than mere
politeness. It is a symbol of togetherness, a
sharing of something enjoyable, and a way
of showing respect to visitors. When offered
tea, it is considered polite to at least take a
sip.
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To offer tea, ask for the preference of the
guests before making the tea. The water
should not be too hot or it will scald the
guests. When you pour tea, the rule of “full
cup for wine and half cup for tea” should be
observed.
Three Cups of Tea (三杯茶) of Bai Ethnic
Group
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Visitors are greeted with this warm and
unique ceremony: they are offered three
cups of tea. The first cup of tea is made from
local bitter leaves. It tastes medicinal. The
second looks like soup. It is made from
walnuts (核桃), cheese and sugar. It tastes
sweet. The third cup of tea is made by
mixing prickly ash, ginger and Chinese
cinnamon (肉桂) with honey and bitter tea.
It is pungent, with a distinct aftertaste.
What does the three cups of tea
symbolize?
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The three cups of tea are symbolic of the
three stages of one’s life journey: going
through all kinds of hardships, feeling the
joy of life, and recalling both bitter and
happy experience. (先苦后甜三回味)
Chinese Wine
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Wine has a long history in China and plays
an important part in the life of Chinese
people. It is comparable with such daily
necessities as rice, salt, oil and water.
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Wine Feasts
“Marriage wine feasts”
 “Arm-crossed wine”
 “Month-old wine feasts”
 “Hundredth-day wine feasts”
 “Longevity wine feasts”
 “Beam-placed-on-the-roof wine feast”
 …..
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Drinkers’ Wager Game
Drinkers’ wager game is a particular method
in China to help create more joyous
atmosphere while drinking. In general, the
drinkers’ wager game is used as a penalty to
urge drinkers to drink more, but the chief
purpose of the drinkers’ wager game is to
create a more cheerful atmosphere.
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General games
Ladies attending banquets
may play general games
such as telling jokes,
solving riddles and passing
down a flower to the beats
of a drum (击鼓传花).
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Literary games are more
popular with scholars and
intellectuals, since their
education equips them with
the knowledge to compete.
They play it by composing
poems, solving word puzzles
and guessing riddles.
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Contestant game Archery,
arrow pitching, chess, dice
throwing (掷骰子), finger
guessing and animal betting
are contest games.
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Touhu (投壶) is an ancient
banquet game where the host
and guests throw chips (筹)
into a pot. The winner is the
one with the greatest number
of chips thrown in, and the
loser is required to drink as a
forfeit.
Alcohol and Social Activities
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Alcohol and Arts
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Alcohol drinks, more than any other beverages,
has had a great impact on Chinese artists as it
seems that many of them have produced their
best masterpieces in a state of drunkenness.
After drinking the mysterious liquid, many
famous poets, such as Li Bai and Du Fu, left us
many masterpieces.
山中与幽人对酌
李白
两人对酌山花开，
一杯一杯复一杯。
我醉欲眠卿且去，
明朝有意抱琴来。
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Alcohol and Business
In China, alcohol plays an integral role in
social life. Drinking effectively serves to
deepen and strengthen the bonds of
friendship. Drinking is always used as a way
to relieve misunderstanding and animosity
no matter how tense the situation is.
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Alcohol and Health
Chinese people believe that moderate
drinking is good for their health. Many
Chinese do sip a little alcohol periodically to
maintain their vitality and health. Some even
soak traditional Chinese medicine in liquor
to achieve a better effect.
Don’t Drive after Drunk
Discussion
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Among the Chinese “Eight Regional
Cuisines”, which one do you like most? Why?
The Presentation of Students’ PPT
(30 minutes)
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Group 1
Title:
Participants:
Presenter:
Time: 10 minutes
Comments: 5 minutes
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Group 2
Title:
Participants:
Presenter:
Time: 10 minutes
Comments: 5 minutes
Exercises
 Discussion
topic for next class:
What kind of clothes do you like? escribe
a type of clothing you think is very nice.