Transcript An Introduction To Ecology

An Introduction To Ecology
Chapter 50
• Ecology – study of interactions
between organisms and
environment.
• Consists of abiotic (nonliving;
i.e. temperature, light, etc) and
biotic (living) factors.
http://www.apsnet.org/education/illustratedglossary/PhotosE-H/forestdecline.htm
• Population – group of individuals of
same species living in an area.
• Community – all organisms of all
species that live in an area.
• Ecosystem – above plus abiotic
factors.
• Biosphere – sum of all ecosystems.
http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/img/biosphere.gif
• Distribution affected by
temperature, water, sunlight, wind,
and rocks and soil.
• Type of each will determine what
can live there.
http://www.your-healthy-gardens.com/images/SoilTypes1.jpg
• Temperature and water are
biggest factors.
• Biomes – major types of
ecosystems.
• Determined by proximity to
equator, closeness to ocean,
mountains, etc.
http://z.about.com/d/geography/1/0/V/A/equator.jpg
Aquatic biomes
• 2 types – marine and freshwater.
• Stratified vertically – photic zone
(light) and aphotic zone (little
light).
• Bottom of aquatic is benthos – food
is detritus that falls from above.
http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect17lakeutrophic.jpg
• Freshwater – close to shore –
littoral zone.
• Open water – limnetic zone.
• ALakes classified by nutrients –
1eutrophic – shallow and nutrientrich; 2oligotrophic – deeper and
nutrient-poor.
Oligotrophic lake
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/50-19b-Eutrophic.jpg
Eutrophic lake
http://www.spatial.maine.edu/~snoox/images/eutrophic_lake.jpg
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• BWetlands – area covered with
water; supports plants.
• CEstuaries – area where freshwater
meets ocean.
• Intertidal zone – land meets water.
• DCoral reefs – dominated by coral.
Wetlands
http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/assets/images/Wetlands.jpg
Estuary
http://www.cop.noaa.gov/images/estuaries.jpg
Coral Reef
http://212.84.179.117/i/Coral%20Reef.jpg
• EOceanic pelagic biome – away from
shore.
• Abyssal zone – lowest part of
benthos; deep-sea hydrothermal
vents help chemoautotrophic
organisms.
Abyssal zone
http://206.110.20.50/web/schuh/students/jonathan/Monsters/MonstersofthDeep/seaslug.JPG
Terrestrial biomes
• Defined vertically from the
canopy at top to the permafrost
at the bottom.
• ATropical forest – little light
reaches ground because of deep
canopy.
• Rainfall determines life in area.
Tropical Forest In Madagascar
http://www.hort.cornell.edu/mudge/bneimark/SC%202.jpg
• BSavanna – scattered trees and
grasses.
• Fire helps increase diversity.
• Has rainy season.
• CTemperate grassland – seasonal
drought, fires prevent tree growth.
• Most used for farming.
Savanna
http://www.plantzafrica.com/vegetation/vegimages/savanna3.jpg
Grasslands
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Laboratory/Biome/Images/picgrassland.jpg
• DDeserts – sparse rain, some are
cold.
• Plants have structures to allow
survival (i.e. water storage,
alternative forms of photosynthesis)
• EChaparral – evergreen shrub; long,
hot, dry summers with fires.
Desert
http://pangea.stanford.edu/~hsiao/desert.jpg
Chaparral
http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/images/semiaridgrasslands92rw.jpg
• FTemperate deciduous forest – small
mammals, leaves fall during autumn.
• GConiferous forest – cone-bearing
trees, trees have needles.
• HTundra – permafrost covers ground,
low diversity.
Deciduous forest
http://www.ccet.ua.edu/hhmi/images/Autumn.JPG
Coniferous forest
http://www3.newberry.org/k12maps/module_07/images/coniferous.jpg
Tundra
http://photojunkie.ca/photoblog/tundra.jpg
http://www.hesd.k12.ca.us/resource/biomes/Biome%20map.gif