Transcript Ag ch 15 notes

Ag. Ch. 15 notes
• Xylem – vessels of vascular bundle that carry the
water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves.
• Phloem – the food conducting tissue in plants that
transport sucrose from the leaves (after
photosynthesis) to the rest of the plant.
• Woody – stiff, dark-colored plant growth in
plants…these plants are usually winter hardy.
• Herbaceous – a plant that has a stem that does
not stiffen and turn dark. It is softer and more
succulent than woody stems, and is usually not
winter hardy.
• Bulb – short, underground stems surrounded by
many overlapping fleshy leaves.
• Corm – short, flattened underground stems
surrounded by scaly leaves. A corm does not
have visible storage rings when cut in half.
• Tuber – specialized food-storage stem that
grows underground.
• Rhizomes – horizontal, underground stems.
• Stolons – a stem that grows above the ground.
• Internode – the area between two nodes of a
plant. The node is the portion of the stem where
the buds come out.
• Axillary bud – a bud that is located in the axil of
the leaf.
A bud is a swelling on
a plant that can grow
into leaves, flowers,
stems or branches. An
axillary bud is found
between the stem and
branch or leaf.
• Terminal bud – bud at the end or tip of the
branch.
• Vegetative bud – a bud that will develop
into a leafy shoot.
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• Flowering bud – a bud on a plant that
produces a flower
Leaf Margins
Leaf Tips
Leaf Bases
Leaf
Shapes
Leaf Shapes 2
Leaf Arrangements
• Petiole – The slender leaf stock that supports
the blade, attaching it to the stem of a plant.
• Simple leaf – a single leaf arising from a plant
stem.
• Compound leaf – two or more leaves arising from
the same part of the stem.
• Chloroplast – membrane-bound body inside a cell
containing chlorophyll pigment. It is necessary for
photosynthesis.
• Stoma – small openings, usually on the underside
of the leaf, that control movement of gases.
• Guard cells – Cells that surround the stoma.
• Stamen – Male part of the flower that contains
the pollen, anther, and filament.
• Filament – the structure that supports the anther;
part of the male reproductive system of a flower.
• Anther – portion of the male part of a flower that
contains pollen.
• Pollen – small male sperm or grains that are
necessary for fertilization of the flower.
• Pistil – Female part of the flower consisting of the
stigma, style, ovary, and ovules.
• Stigma – the part of the pistil that receives the
pollen.
• Style – The portion of the pistil located between
the stigma and the ovary. It is the transportation
tube that pollen follows to get to the ovary.
• Ovary – female organ that produces eggs or
female sex cells; also the portion of the flower
that contains the ovules or seeds.
• Perfect flower – a flower that contains all the
male and female parts (stamen and pistil) as
well as petals and sepals.
• Imperfect flower – Flower that is missing one or
more of the following: stamen, pistil, petals, or
sepals
• Corolla – collectively, all of the petals of a flower.
• Sepal – small, green, leaf-like structures found
at the base of the flower.
• Fruit – mature ovary of a flowering plant, usually
containing seeds.
• Vegetable – any herbaceous plant whose fruit,
seeds, roots, tubers, bulbs, stems, leaves, or
flower parts are used as food.
• Nut – A fruit or seed contained within a
removable outer cover.
Root systems
• Root Systems: Roots often make up the
majority of the plant. Some roots grow
below ground, while others grow above
ground.
Adventitious roots
• – appear where roots
are not normally
expected and help to
prop the plant up or
climb nearby
structures.
•
Ex: poison ivy,
corn, mistletoe
Normal root systems
taproot
•
– main root of the plant that
grows straight down from the
stem. It is a heavy, thick root
that does not have many
side, or lateral, branches.
Some taproots are edible
(carrots, beets). Some
plants with taproots are used
for ornamental purposes, to
improve the appearance of
the area. Taproots can be up
to 10 feet deep, allowing the
plant to survive in severe
drought conditions. These
plants are difficult to uproot,
and do not hold soil in place.
Fibrous roots
•
– thin, somewhat hairlike and numerous.
Fibrous roots are
typically shallow.
Grasses and many
ornamental flowers
have fibrous root
systems. Fibrous root
systems do not allow
the plant to survive in
droughts, but are very
effective in holding soil
in its place.
Root structures
Root cap – outermost part of the root.
It protects the tender growing tip as
the root penetrates the soil. As it
wears away, it is replace with new
cells in the area of cell division.
Root structures
The cells multiply in two directions.
The small, tougher cells are
produced on the front edge of the
region to replace those worn off on
the root cap. More tender cells are
produced in the back of the region
to allow the root tip to grow larger.
Area of cell
division –
provides new
cells that allow
the root to grow
longer.
Root structures
Area of cell elongation – the cells
start to become longer and
specialized. The begin to look like
older cells and will start to do their
specific jobs.
Root structures
Xylem –
responsible for
carrying water
and nutrients
from the soil to
the upper part
of the plant.
Phloem – function as the
pipeline to carry the
manufactured food down from
the leaves to other plant parts
Root structures
Area of cell
maturation – where
the cells mature.
This is also where
root hairs emerge.
Root hairs – small microscopic
roots that rise from existing cells
located on the surface of the
root. The root hairs take in
water and nutrients.
stems
Types of stems
• Woody – tough and winter hardy, usually
covered with bark
• Herbaceous – succulent, often green and
will not survive winter in cold climates.
Modified stems
• Bulbs – shortened stems surrounded by
modified leaves (scales). Ex: lilies,
onions
• Corms – thickened, compact, fleshy
stems. Ex: gladiolas
• Rhizomes – thick stems that run below
ground. Ex: Johnsongrass
• Tubers – thickened, underground stems
that store carbohydrates. Ex: potato