Transcript April 22
Carnivorous Plants Carnivorous Plants Why be carnivorous? Carnivorous Plants Why be carnivorous? Obtain nutrients in poor environments Carnivorous Plants Why be carnivorous? Obtain nutrients in poor environments Often N Carnivorous Plants Why be carnivorous? Obtain nutrients in poor environments Often N > 600 spp in 6 different orders Carnivorous Plants Why be carnivorous? Obtain nutrients in poor environments Often N > 600 spp in 6 different orders > 12 genera Carnivorous Plants Why be carnivorous? Obtain nutrients in poor environments Often N > 600 spp in 6 different orders > 12 genera Evolved 6 times independently Carnivorous Plants Why be carnivorous? Obtain nutrients in poor environments Often N > 600 spp in 6 different orders > 12 genera Evolved 6 times independently Also have >300 paracarnivorous spp Carnivorous Plants Why be carnivorous? Obtain nutrients in poor environments Often N > 600 spp in 6 different orders > 12 genera Evolved 6 times independently Also have >300 paracarnivorous spp Described by Darwin (1875) Insectivorous Plants Carnivorous Plants Why be carnivorous? Obtain nutrients in poor environments Often N > 600 spp in 5 different orders > 12 genera Evolved 6 times independently Also have >300 paracarnivorous spp Described by Darwin (1875) Insectivorous Plants Adaptation to nutrients Carnivorous Plants Obtain nutrients in poor environments Often N > 600 spp in 5 different orders > 12 genera Evolved 6 times independently Also have >300 paracarnivorous spp Described by Darwin (1875) Insectivorous Plants Adaptation to nutrients Only if lots of light & water Carnivorous Plants Obtain nutrients in poor environments Often N > 600 spp in 5 different orders > 12 genera Evolved 6 times independently Also have >300 paracarnivorous spp Described by Darwin (1875) Insectivorous Plants Adaptation to nutrients Only if lots of light & water = bogs Carnivorous Plants Why be carnivorous? Obtain nutrients in poor environments How to become carnivorous? Carnivorous Plants How to become carnivorous? 1: catch prey Carnivorous Plants How to become carnivorous? 1: catch prey • mainly insects Carnivorous Plants How to become carnivorous? 1: catch prey • mainly insects 2: digest prey Carnivorous Plants How to become carnivorous? 1: catch prey • mainly insects 2: digest prey 3: absorb nutrients Carnivorous Plants How to become carnivorous? 1: catch prey • mainly insects 2: digest prey 3: absorb nutrients 4: kill competing Bacteria & fungi Carnivorous Plants How to become carnivorous? 1: catch prey • mainly insects 2: digest prey 3: absorb nutrients 4: kill competing Bacteria & fungi How to avoid eating Pollinators? Catching Prey 5 basic trapping mechanisms 1: Pitfall traps (e.g.pitcher plants) trap prey in a rolled leaf. Catching Prey 5 basic trapping mechanisms 1: Pitfall traps (e.g.pitcher plants) trap prey in a rolled leaf. • evolved independently ≥ 4 x Catching Prey 5 basic trapping mechanisms 1: Pitfall traps (e.g.pitcher plants) trap prey in a rolled leaf. • evolved independently ≥ 4 x • recently discovered a 2 liter Pitcher in Phillipines Catching Prey 5 basic trapping mechanisms 1: Pitfall traps (e.g.pitcher plants) trap prey in a rolled leaf. • evolved independently ≥ 4 x • recently discovered a 2 liter Pitcher in Phillipines • Similar spp live in Indonesia • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJCaG4tOaAU&feature=rela ted • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trWzDlRvv1M&feature=play er_embedded#! Catching Prey 5 basic trapping mechanisms 1: Pitfall traps (e.g.pitcher plants) trap prey in a rolled leaf. • evolved independently ≥ 4 x • fuse leaves & alter shape to form cup trapping rain and prey Catching Prey 5 basic trapping mechanisms 1: Pitfall traps (e.g.pitcher plants) trap prey in a rolled leaf. • evolved independently ≥ 4 x • fuse leaves & alter shape to form cup trapping rain and prey • rely on bacteria for digestion Catching Prey • fuse leaves & alter shape to form cup trapping rain and prey • rely on bacteria for digestion • Others protect opening Catching Prey • fuse leaves & alter shape to form cup trapping rain and prey • rely on bacteria for digestion • Others protect opening • Add enzymes to cup solution Catching Prey • fuse leaves & alter shape to form cup trapping rain and prey • rely on bacteria for digestion • Others protect opening • Add enzymes to cup solution • Absorb nutrients @ cup surface Catching Prey 5 basic trapping mechanisms 1: Pitfall traps (pitcher plants trap prey in a rolled leaf. 2:Flypaper traps (sundews) use a sticky mucilage http://www.flickr.com/photos/122 89718@N00/3685555296 Catching Prey 5 basic trapping mechanisms 1: Pitfall traps (pitcher plants) trap prey in a rolled leaf. 2:Flypaper traps (sundews) use a sticky mucilage Evolved independently ≥ 5 x Catching Prey Stalked glands secrete mucilage & enzymes Sessile glands absorb nutrients Catching Prey Stalked glands secrete mucilage & enzymes Sessile glands absorb nutrients Have flowers on long stalks to avoid trapping pollinators Catching Prey 5 basic trapping mechanisms 1: Pitfall traps (pitcher plants) trap prey in a rolled leaf. 2:Flypaper traps (sundews) use a sticky mucilage 3: Bladder traps vacuum in prey: only Utricularia, but 214 spp Catching Prey 5 basic trapping mechanisms 1: Pitfall traps (pitcher plants) trap prey in a rolled leaf. 2:Flypaper traps (sundews) use a sticky mucilage 3: Bladder traps vacuum in prey: only Utricularia • bladders sealed w hinged doors expel ions 5 basic trapping mechanisms 1: Pitfall traps (pitcher plants) trap prey in a rolled leaf. 2:Flypaper traps (sundews) use a sticky mucilage 3: Bladder traps vacuum in prey: only Utricularia • bladders sealed w hinged doors expel water • Osmosis creates vacuum 5 basic trapping mechanisms 1: Pitfall traps (pitcher plants) trap prey in a rolled leaf. 2:Flypaper traps (sundews) use a sticky mucilage 3: Bladder traps vacuum in prey: only Utricularia • bladders sealed w hinged doors expel water • Osmosis creates vacuum • Trigger hairs @ door release vacuum when touched Bladder traps vacuum in prey: only Utricularia • bladders sealed w hinged doors expel water •Osmosis creates vacuum •Trigger hairs @ door release vac when touched •Sucks prey into digestive bladder Bladder traps vacuum in prey: only Utricularia • bladders sealed w hinged doors expel water •Osmosis creates vacuum •Trigger hairs @ door release vac when touched •Sucks prey into digestive bladder •Flowers on long stalks 5 basic trapping mechanisms 1: Pitfall traps (pitcher plants) trap prey in a rolled leaf. 2:Flypaper traps (sundews) use a sticky mucilage 3: Bladder traps vacuum in prey 4: Lobster-pot traps trap prey • chamber is easy to enter, hard to exit 5 basic trapping mechanisms 4: Lobster-pot traps trap prey • chamber is easy to enter, hard to exit • inward-pointing hairs prevent escape 5 basic trapping mechanisms 1: Pitfall traps (pitcher plants) trap prey in a rolled leaf. 2:Flypaper traps (sundews) use a sticky mucilage 3: Bladder traps vacuum in prey 4: Lobster-pot traps trap prey 5: Snap traps use rapid leaf Movements http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktIGVtKdgwo&feature =channel 5 basic trapping mechanisms Snap traps use rapid leaf Movements two stimuli are required, 0.5 to 30 seconds apart 5 basic trapping mechanisms Snap traps use rapid leaf Movements two stimuli are required, 0.5 to 30 seconds apart Touched trigger hair cells open channels, generating an action potential that propagates to midrib cells 5 basic trapping mechanisms Snap traps use rapid leaf Movements two stimuli are required, 0.5 to 30 seconds apart Touched trigger hair cells open channels, generating an action potential that propagates to midrib cells These respond by pumping out ions, resulting in rapid growth 5 basic trapping mechanisms Touched trigger hair cells open channels, generating an action potential that propagates to midrib cells These respond by pumping out ions, resulting in rapid growth Open lobes are convex, Closed are concave 5 basic trapping mechanisms Touched trigger hair cells open channels, generating an action potential that propagates to midrib cells These respond by pumping out ions, resulting in rapid growth Open lobes are convex, Closed are concave AP triggers switch 5 basic trapping mechanisms Touched trigger hair cells open channels, generating an action potential that propagates to midrib cells These respond by pumping out ions, resulting in rapid growth Open lobes are convex, Closed are concave AP triggers switch Seal to form stomach, fill w enzymes that digest prey (& leaf) w/in 1-2 weeks 5 basic trapping mechanisms Touched trigger hair cells open channels, generating an action potential that propagates to midrib cells These respond by pumping out ions, resulting in rapid growth Open lobes are convex, Closed are concave AP triggers switch Seal to form stomach, fill w enzymes that digest prey (& leaf) w/in 1-2 weeks Also digest leaf, resorb both 5 basic trapping mechanisms Touched trigger hair cells open channels, generating an action potential that propagates to midrib cells These respond by pumping out ions, resulting in rapid growth Open lobes are convex, Closed are concave AP triggers switch Seal to form stomach, fill w enzymes that digest prey (& leaf) w/in 1-2 weeks Also digest leaf, resorb Both Flowers on long stalk Evolution 1. Pitchers fuse leaves, then pump enzymes into pitcher Evolution 1. Pitchers fuse leaves, then pump enzymes into pitcher Resorb nutrients across pitcher surface Evolution 1. Pitchers fuse leaves, then pump enzymes into pitcher Resorb nutrients across pitcher Surface 2. Flypaper traps evolve from plants like tobacco that secrete goo on leaves Evolution 1. Pitchers fuse leaves, then pump enzymes into pitcher Resorb nutrients across pitcher Surface 2. Flypaper traps evolve from plants like tobacco that secrete goo on leaves Thigmotropism helps trap prey Evolution 1. Pitchers fuse leaves, then pump enzymes into pitcher Resorb nutrients across pitcher Surface 2. Flypaper traps evolve from plants like tobacco that secrete goo on leaves Thigmotropism helps trap prey Enzymes help digest prey Evolution 1. Pitchers fuse leaves, then pump enzymes into pitcher 2. Flypaper traps evolve from plants like tobacco that secrete goo on leaves 3. Bladder traps may have evolved from aquatic pitchers Evolution 1. Pitchers fuse leaves, then pump enzymes into pitcher 2. Flypaper traps evolve from plants like tobacco that secrete goo on leaves 3. Bladder traps may have evolved from aquatic pitchers Added pitcher lid & mech for ion pumping, then opening on demand Evolution 1. Pitchers fuse leaves 2. Flypaper traps 3. Bladder traps may have evolved from aquatic pitchers 4: Lobster-pot traps add Inward-facing trichomes to pitchers. Evolution 1. Pitchers fuse leaves 2. Flypaper traps 3. Bladder traps may have evolved from aquatic pitchers 4: Lobster-pot traps add Inward-facing trichomes to pitchers. 5. Snap traps evolved from Fly-paper traps • More extreme thigmonasty Digestion Digest and resorb everything Digestion Digest and resorb everything Protect pollinators by making long stem separating flower from traps Protecting from bacteria and fungi Fill traps with anti-bacterial and antifungal compunds Protecting from bacteria and fungi Fill traps with anti-bacterial and antifungal compunds Source of new antibiotics!