Transcript 10. Planting material and their management in mango

PLANTING MATERIAL AND
THEIR MANAGEMENT IN
MANGO
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PROPAGATION
 Mangoes are raised from seeds or propagated vegetatively.
 Propagation from seed, though easy and cheap, is unable to
perpetuate characters of the parent tree because most of the
commercial
varieties
in
India
are
cross-pollinated
and
monoembryonic.
 Seed grown plants take more time to bear fruit.
 Hence, several methods of vegetative propagation have been tried
with varying percentage of success.
 It is essential to raise seedlings to be used as rootstocks for
vegetative propagation.
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 Mango seeds are moisture loving otherwise
known as “Recalcitrant” type has to be sown
immediately after extraction.
 After emergence, 25 kg nitrogen (N) per ha is applied in
the form of urea, CAN or any other available inorganic
source in two split doses at about two months interval
after the leaves have become green.
When the seedlings attain the age of 2-3
months, they are transplanted in beds or pots
and are then used for vegetative propagation.
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Various methods of vegetative propagation
followed in mango are:
 Inarching
 Veneer grafting
 Soft wood grafting
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Inarching
 Inarching or approach grafting is a popular method of propagation.
 The method consists of uniting the selected shoot (scion) of a
desired parent tree (mother plant) with the potted or transplanted
seedling (rootstock) by approach grafting
 For this purpose, about one
year old seedling of 30-45
cm height and a thickness
ranging from 0.75 to 1.5 cm
is most suitable
 These seedlings are either grown in pots or under the mother plant from
which the grafts are to be prepared, depending upon the availability of
suitable branches.
 Generally, a matured twig of the past season is used as scion of (60 cm
in length) and nearly of the same thickness as that of the stock is chosen
for grafting.
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 Hot dry period as well as heavy rains
during the inarching period is not
conducive.
 Young and non-bearing trees
should not be selected as mother
plants.
 July - October is considered as the
most suitable time in low rainfall
areas while, October - December
is the best season in heavy rainfall
regions.
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Veneer grafting
 Veneer grafting possesses promise for large scale
commercial propagation.
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The method is simple and can be adopted with success.The
rootstocks as mentioned for inarching are suitable for this method
also.
This method has one striking advantage of using the detached scion
sticks for propagation, i.e.the shoot of the mother plant which is to be
multiplied can be cut away from the mother plant and used for
grafting in the nursery.
Proper selection of scion is very important for the success of this
method.
The scion to be used for veneer grafting ought to be 3-4 months old
and requires proper preparation.
The desired shoots should be defoliated at least one week prior to
grafting so that the dormant buds in the axis of leaves become
swollen.
September – October is considered favorable for veneer grafting
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Epicotyl grafting
 Mango is generally propagated by inarching
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 A wedge shaped cut
starting on both sides
is made on the lower
part of scion.
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and veneer grafting but these methods are
time consuming and laborius.
Epicotyl grafting is a simple, cheap and quick
method.
After germination, seedlings with tender
stems having coppery leaves are lifted with
seeds still attached.
The roots and seeds are dipped in 0.1 per
cent Carbendazim solution for 5 minutes after
washing the soil.
The seedling stems are headed back leaving
6-8 cm long stem. A 4 to 6 cm longitudinal cut
is made running down through the middle of
the stem.
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The scion should be 4-6 months old and of 10 to
15 cm long containing prominent terminal buds.
The scion is then inserted in the cleft of the
seedlings and tied with polythene strips.
The grafts are then planted in polyethylene bags
containing potting mixture.
The bags are then kept in the shade protecting
from heavy rain.When the scion sprouts and the
leaves become green, the grafted plants are to
be hardened before planting in nursery beds.
July is the most suitable month for epicotyl
grafting.
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Soft wood grafting
This method is an ideal one to establish in situ mango
orchard.
This method of grafting is done when the rootstock is
overgrown and thus not suitable for epicotyl grafting.
Normally in this method, seedlings of 8-10 months old are
selected.
The scion to be used is defoliated 10 days prior to the grafting
and has same thickness as that of terminal shoot.
The method of grafting is similar to epicotyl grafting.
July – August is the best period for soft wood grafting
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PLANTING
Prior to planting, the field should be pulverised.
Deep ploughing followed by harrowing and a minimum
levelling should be done for the better establishment of grafts.
Pits of 3 x 3 x 3 feet size are dug at appropriate distances and
filled with sufficient quantity of farm yard manure to facilitate
better aeration and water holding.
If the land is undulating, it is better to keep the land without
levelling.
Levelling may lead to the removal of top soil which is not good
for mangoes.
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Time of planting
• The best time for planting of mango all over India is during the
monsoon when there is sufficient moisture in the atmosphere.
• In areas of heavy rainfall, the best time of planting mango is the
end of the rainy season.
• In tracts where the rainfall is less, the planting can be done in the
early part of the monsoon for better establishment.
• However in Tamil Nadu, planting starts from July to October so as
to avail the monsoon rains and the moderate weather suitable for
young grafts establishment.
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The planting distance varies with variety, soil fertility and general
weather conditions prevailing in the area.
The extra spacing will be given for a vigourous variety in a fertile
soil planted in high rainfall areas.
However, spacing will
be reduced for nonvigourous
variety
planted in poor soil in
low rainfall areas
Accordingly, mangoes will be planted at a spacing of 10 x 10 m, 8 x 8 m, 7 x 7
m, 6 x 6 m and 5 x 5 m. However, under high density planting, considering the
above said factors, 5 x 3m, 5 x 2.5m, 3x3m, 2.5 x 2.5 m spacing were also
adopted following special packages to meet the demand.
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Size of pits
 Mango being a perennial crop, pits of 1 x 1 x 1 m are to be dug at
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desired distances for good establishment.
In case machineries are used, a pit of 1 cubic meter may be enough
for planting.
Filling of pits
 The pits should be filled with the original soil taken from the pit.
 While filling, 50 kg well rotten farm yard manure may be added in the top
two-third portion.
 In case of stony soils, it is better to remove all the stones from the
excavated material and remaining soils is mixed with soil scrapped from
the left over area and farm yard manure.
 The pits are invariably filled before the rainy season, so that there is better
compaction before the advent of heavy rainfall and much before planting.
 It is always advised to plant the grafts as seen in the pot without changing
the position.
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Planting of grafts
 Graft with its ball of earth intact is taken out of the soil or pot.
 The graft is then placed with the help of a planting board in the centre
of the pit by excavating as much soil as necessary to accommodate
the root-ball.
 The moist soil of the pit is then pressed all around the root ball to
complete the planting process.
 A small basin is then made and the graft is properly watered.
 The planting should not be done so deep as to bury the graft-union in
the soil or so high as to expose the upper roots.
 It is also advised to plant the graft as seen in the pot without changing
the position.
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