Transcript Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir - Montana State University Billings

Pseudotsuga menziesii
Douglas-fir
Pinanceae family. Monoecious gymnosperm tree
with needle-like evergreen leaves and woody ovulate
cones. Cones hanging downward with three-lobed
bracts protruding from between the cone scales.
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Douglas-fir
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Needles sometimes used as a
substitute for coffee.
Wood used extensively for lumber
(very strong)
Wood used to make bows
(Blackfoot)
White, crystalline sugar exuded
from branches sometimes in early
summer
Pitch used as a gum
A Blackfoot story tells how mice
ran into the cones to hide from
Naapi (a legendary character).
What hangs out is their tails and
hind legs.
Lewisia rediviva Pursh.
Bitterroot
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Portulaceae family. Herbs. Leaves mostly
simple. Flowers bisexual. Plants with a fleshy,
simple or branched taproot over 1 cm long.
Sepals 4 or more; petals 12-35 mm long;
First discovered by Meriweather Lewis in
present day western Montana during the Lewis
and Clark Expedition. Genus named after him.
Montana’s state flower.
Lewisia rediviva Pursh.
Bitterroot
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(Blackfoot) Pounded, dry
root chewed for sore throat.
(Flathead) Roots eaten for
increased milk flow after
childbirth.
Roots boiled and eaten as
staple vegetable food when in
season
Leaves boiled and eaten
Roots an important article of
trade
Dried roots served only on
special occasions
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Indian Ricegrass
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Poaceae family
Native throughout Montana
Used ornamentally in water-wise gardens
Edible seeds
Nevada and Utah state grass
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Indian Ricegrass
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Ground seeds used as food
Seeds gathered and stored for
winter use
Plant used as fodder for
animals
Seeds considered a good
food to eat when suffering
from stomachaches, colic, or
aching bones.
Along trail in Four Dances
Natural Area going down to
river.
Elymus spicatus
syn Agropyron spicatus, Pseudoroegneria spicata
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Colloquial name: Bluebunch
wheatgrass
Montana’s state grass
Wheatgrass rootstocks can
be dried, ground into flour,
and used in bread making.
Roots can also be roasted,
ground, and used as coffee
substitute
Grains can be collected and
ground into flour, but
collection is tedious.
Plant Sub-classes
Magnoliopsida (Dicots)
 Magnoliidae
 Hamamelidae
 Caryophyllidae
 Dilleniidae
 Rosidae
 Asteridae
 Liliopsida (Monocots)
 Alismatidae
 Arecidae
 Commelinidae
 Zingiberidae
 Liliidae
(Arthur Cronquist. 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants)
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Magnoliaceae
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Magnoliaceae have their stamens and pistils in
spirals on a conical receptacle.
This arrangement is found in fossil plants and is
believed to be primitive for angiosperms
Flowers not so clearly differentiated into having
sepals and petals; have tepals instead
No plants in this family occur naturally in
Montana
Magnoliaceae
Sub-class: Magnoliidae
Magnoliaceae
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Flowers are bisexual usually
Flowers have radial symmetry
Flowers have elongate receptacle
Leaves are alternate, simple, and sometimes
lobed
Inflorescence is a solitary flower with tepals
Magnoliaceae
Magnoliaceae
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Sepals range from six to many
Stamens are numous and feature short filaments which
are poorly differentiated from the anthers
Carpels are usually numerous, distinct, and on elongate
receptacle
Fruit an aggregate of follicles which open along the
abaxial surface.
Fruits have a fleshy coat and are colored usually red to
orange except for Liriodendron sp.
Carpels thick to avoid insect damage
Magnoliaceae
Magnoliaceae
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Not an economically significant family
Valued for ornamental qualities in gardens
Some wood from certain timber species
Bark and flowers from several species reported
to have medicinal properties
Ranunculaceae
Sub-class: Magnoliidae
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Aka as the buttercup family or crowfoot family
Found worldwide, but are most common in northern
hemisphere in temperate and montane climates
Well represented in Montana
Leaves are very often more or less palmately compound
Mostly herbaceous plants, but with some woody
climbers such as Clematis and subshrubs such as
Xanthorhiza.
Ranunculaceae
Clematis virginiana
Xanthorhiza simplissima
Ranunculaceae
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Showy and medium to large flowers to attract pollinators
Radially symmetrical but in some cases bilaterally symmetrical
Perianth is made of one or more commonly two whorls, often
not clearly differentiated into a true calyx and corolla.
The sepals may be connate, and the petals are often evolved into
spurred nectaries.
Flowers have many free stamens arranged in spirals and usually
many free pistils.
Flowers most often grouped in terminal racemes, panicles or
cymes.
Fruit most commonly a follicle or an achene.
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Follicles of Aquilegia
Achenes of Anemone sp.
Achenes of Anemone sp.
Papaveraceae
Sub-class: Magnoliidae
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Occurs in temperate and sub-tropical climates.
Genera Agemone, Glaucium, and Papaver native to
Montana
Most are herbaceous plants
Produce milky latex, a watery white, yellow, red, or
sometimes clear juice.
Simple leaves are alternate or sometimes whorled
Leaves have petioles and are not enclosed by a sheath
Leaves usually lobed; no stipules
Papaveraceae
Papaveraceae
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Hermaphroditic (bisexual flowers with stamens and
carpels)
Pollinated mostly by insects
Distinct calyx and corolla
Flowers are medium sized or large (therefore more
primitive)
Flowers are spectacular to look at
Flowers solitary in most species
Flowers usually odorless and regular
Papaveraceae
Papaveraceae
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Many stamens, mostly 16-60, arranged in two
separate whorls, the outer one with stamens
alternate with the petals, the inner ones
opposite.
Compound pistil with 2 to 100 carpels.
Ovary superior and 1-locular.
Ovary without a footstalk (sessile) or on a short
stem (stipitate)
Fruit usually a non-fleshy, dry capsule
Papaveraceae
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These plants almost all contain alkaloids
Many are poisonous
Few are ever grazed by animals
Several species grown as garden ornamentals
California poppy, Eschscholtzia californica, is that
state’s official flower.
Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy, is the
source of opium and opiates, and as well as
most of the poppy seeds used in cooking and
baking
Euphorbiaceae
Sub-class: Rosidae
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The spurge family is a large family of mostly
herbaceous plants.
Some are succulent and resemble cacti
Occurs mainly in the tropics with most in IndoMalayan region and tropical America
A number also occur in tropical Africa
Euphorbia and Croton only genera of this family
occurring in our region of North America.
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
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Internal phloem sometimes present.
Chemically diverse, often with laticifers
containing milky or colored latex, usually
poisonous
Hairs, simple to branched, stellate or peltate.
Euphorbiaceae
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The leaves are alternate, seldom opposite, with stipules
usually present.
Leaves are mainly simple, sometimes palmately lobed or
compound, entire to serrate, with pinnate to palmate
venation.
Inflorescences determinate, but often highly modified.
Flowers unisexual or imperfect (plants monoecious or
dioecious).
Flowers usually with radial symmetry, showy to
inconspicuous.
Euphorbiaceae
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Sepals usually 2-6, distinct to slightly connate.
Petals usually 1-5, distinct to slightly connate,
valvate or imbricate, often lacking.
Stamens 1 to numerous, filaments distinct to
connate
Ovary superior, usually 3-lobed
Ovules 1 in each locule
Euphorbiaceae
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Hevea brasiiensis (rubber tree) is the source of
most natural rubber and is also a timber source.
Aleurites moluccana (candlenut tree) and Aleurites
fordii (tung tree) are sources of oils used in
paints and varnishes.
Sapirum sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree) is a source
of vegetable tallow and wax.
Aceraceae
Sub-class: Rosidae
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Also called the maple family. Contains two to four
genera of some 120 species of trees and shrubs
A common characteristic is that the leaves are opposite
and the fruit is a schizocarp.
Some taxonomists (including our textbook) include
Aceraceae in the family Sapindaceae.
Dorn lists it as a separate family and indicates two
possibly three species of Acer as only representatives of
this family in Montana.
Aceraceae
Acer negundo
Acer glabrum
Acer grandidentatum
Rutaceae
Sub-class: Rosidae
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Commonly known as rue or citrus family
Usually placed in order Sapindales
Species of this family generally have flowers that
divide into four or five parts, usually with strong
scents.
Range in form from herbs to shrubs and small
trees.
Most economically important genus in family is
Citrus
Rutaceae
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Frequently aromatic with glands on the leaves
Sometimes with thorns
Leaves usually opposite and compound; without
stipules.
Flowers are bractless, solitary or in cyme, rarely
in raceme.
Pollinated by insects usually.
Rutaceae
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Flowers radially or bilaterally symmetric, and
generally hermaphroditic (bisexual)
Four to five sepals and petals.
Eight to ten stamens, usually separate or in
several groups
Single stigma with two to five united capels.
Ovaries separate and styles combined.
Fruit variable from berries, drupes,
hesperidiums, samara, capsules, and follicles.
Rutaceae
Apiaceae
Sub-class: Rosidae
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Also known as Umbelliferae
Family of usually aromatic plants with hollow
stems, commonly known as umbellifers.
Includes cumin, parsley, carrot,
corriander/cilantro, dill, caraway, fennel, parsnip,
celery, Queen Anne’s Lace.
Large family
Inflorescence generally a compound ‘umbel’
Apiaceae
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Small flowers are radially symmetrical with 5
small sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens.
Family includes some highly toxic plants such as
hemlock.
Many members of this plant group are
cultivated, for various purposes.
The plant structure includes a tap root, which
has been sometimes bred to provide food.
Apiaceae
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Some of these plants concentrate essential oils,
so that some are used a flavorful/aromatic herbs
such as parsley, cilantro, and dill.
The plentiful seeds are sometimes used in
cuisine, as with coriander, fennel, cumin and
caraway.
Many native genera/species in this family in
Montana
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Asclepidaceae
Sub-class: Asteridae
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Often referred to as milkweed family
Usually milky sap present
Dorn lists Asclepias as only genus of this family
occurring naturally in Montana.
Textbook puts genera of this family into
another family Apocynaceae
Herbs, shrubs, woody vines, stem-succulents or
trees.
Asclepiadaceae
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Leaves opposite (less frequently alternate or whorled).
Simple and entire leaves, without stipules
Inflorescence a cyme or umbel.
Flowers perfect, regular, hypogynous to partially epigynous.
Sepals five, connate or nearly distinct.
Petals 5, connate
Stamens 5, adnate to stigma; filaments distinct
Carpels 2, distinct at base
2 superior ovaries
Fruit a pair of follicles, one of which often aborts
Seeds often bearing a tuft of hairs.
Asclepiadaceae
Asclepiadaceae
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Flowers are very unusual
Sepals and petals are comparatively normal in
appearance.
Stamens bear little resemblance to ordinary
stamens; filaments bear inflated or otherwise
modified appendages that form a conspicuous
corona.
Asclepiadaceae
Hoya carnosa
Solanaceae
Sub-class: Asteridae
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Family contains a number of important
agricultural plants as well as many toxic plants
Known also as nightshade family
Family includes Jimson weed, mandrake, deadly
nightshade (belladonna), capsicum (peppers),
potato, tobacco, tomato, eggplant, and petunia.
Important source of food, spice, and medicine
Solanaceae
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Flowers typically conical or funnel in shape
Five petals, usually fused
Stamens usually present in multiples of four
(most commonly four or eight)
Ovaries are superior
Produces fruit either a berry or a dehiscent dry
capsule (breaks open upon drying, or dehiscing,
releasing the seeds)
Seeds usually round and flat
Solanaceae
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A famous alkaloid from the Solanaceae family is
nicotine.
Peppers (Capsicum) produce the alkaloid capsaicin,
which provides the hot flavor in peppers.
Tropane alkaloids are found in Atropa, Datura and
Brugmansia and many other genera in this family.
Tropane alkaoids (named after genus Atropa, aka
belladonna) are extremely poisonous but are used in
many modern medicines in small dosages.
Solanaceae
Solanaceae