Transcript FUNGI

Multicellular, heterotrophs (saprophytes
feed on decaying matter)
Cell Wall is made of chitin
Digest food externally by secreting
enzymes to breakdown food externally
Examples of Fungi
Black bread mold, yeast, mushrooms, and
truffles
 Penicillin is an antibiotic produced by mold
 Lichen-symbiotic relationship between
algae and fungi breaking down rock and
dead trees
 Mycorrhizae-symbiotic relationship
between fungus and vascular plants
The fungus extends the roots deeper in the
soil and helps with water and mineral
uptake in plant and gets sugar and aa

Reproduction

Sexual and asexual (spores and
budding)
Human diseases
Plant fungal diseases
Plants
Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic
 Reproduction-Alternation of Generations
 Sexual stage-gametophyte stage (haploid)
undergo fertilization, forming a zygote, to
produce sporophyte generation
 Asexual stage-sporophyte stage (diploid)
produces spores that grow and undergo
meiosis to produce gametophyte generation

Non-vascular Plants-Bryophytes
No veins to carry sugar and water
 Must be close to water for diffusion
 3 parts: leaf-like; stem-like; root-like
 Must be small due to lack of roots and
veins
 Examples: Mosses, liverworts and
hornworts

Bryophytes
liverwort
hornwort
moss
Alternation of Generations

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent
/animations/content/moss.html
Vascular Plants-Tracheophytes
Xylem
carries water
Phloem carries
food(glucose and starch)
Roots, Stem, and
Leaves
Ferns
Seedless-produce spores
 Must be near water
 Rhizomes-stems that grow underground
 Roots extend from rhizomes into soil
 Fronds-leaves
 Taller than bryophytes because of
vascular tissue

Gymnosperms-non-flowering
 Conifers
or cone bearing (not all have cones)
 Seeds outside plant usually on scale of cone
 Male cone-pollen, Female cone-ovule with
egg inside
 Pollination-pollen falls from male to female
cone
 Fertilization-pollen tube grows through ovule
so sperm and egg join together
 When mature scale opens so that wind can
carry seeds to location for growth
–scale-like or needle like to
prevent loss of water
 Evergreen- leaves stay on all year
so photosynthesis does not stop
 Examples-Pine, Spruce, Hemlock,
Fir
 Leaves
Sporophyte generation-tree
itself is the dominant
generation
Gametophyte generationcones
Angiosperms-flowering plants
 Most
abundant group of plants
 Roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and
seeds adapted to live anywhere
 Seeds enclosed in fruit which attracts
animals and aids in dispersal
 Deciduous trees-loose leaves during
winter
 Most of our food from angiosperms
Flower Structure
 Petal-brightly
colored to attract insects
and birds
 Male flower parts- Stamen
Anther-produces pollen
Filament- holds anther up so it is easily
reached by pollinators
 Female flower parts- Carpel
Stigma- sticky part where pollen lands
Style- holds up the stigma so it can be
pollinated
Ovule-holds eggs
 Sepal-protects bud
Stems
 Purpose-support
for leaves and
reproductive parts and protect
vascular system
 Herbacious- flexible stem
 WoodyCambium-increases diameter of
stem forming tree rings
 Pollination-pollen
lands on stigma
Self-pollination-same plant, no
variation
Cross-pollination-different plant,
variation
Arthropods and angiosperms
coevolved for pollination
 Fertilization-pollen tube grows down
style into ovary to fertilize ovule
(egg)
Seeds
 Dormant
plant embryo protected by
camouflage, brown, hard seed coat
 Seeds distributed by wind, water, and animal
fur or fecal material
 A damp, warm, oxygenated seed will
germinate.
 Endosperm inside the seed will provide
nourishment until cotyledon comes through
ground
 Root shoots down first (geotropism) followed
by cotyledon growing up to light
(phototropism)
Monocots and Dicots
Cotyledon- first leaf out of seed that provides
photosynthesis to new plant
Monocot
Dicot
1 cotyledon
2 cotyledons
Parallel veins
Networking veins
Fibrous root system
Tap root-large central
root
Flowers in 3’s or 5’s
Flowers in 4’s or 5’s
Grass, palms, lillies,
Fruit trees, roses,
orchid
melons, beans
Big
seeds contain more
endosperm and therefore
more food to take care of
the seedling before
leaves are in place to
undergo photosynthesis
Small seeds must reach
Sun quickly
Leaves-plant factories
Roots
Purpose-anchor plant, absorb
water and minerals, and store
food
Root hairs-projections off of roots
that increase the surface area so
that more water can be absorbed
Root cap- dead cells around tip of
root that push roots through soil
Tropisms-plant behavior
 Geotropism-roots
down
 Phototropism-grow toward light
Auxins cause plant to grow more rapidly
on dark side of plant so it bends toward
light
 Thigmotropism- plant responds to touch
by tendrils wrapping around what it
touches
climatis, cucumbers
Adaptations
 Thorns-protect
plants from herbivores
 Desert plants grow long deep roots to tap
into aquifers
 Those with shallow root systems are
extremely fibrous so they can quickly absorb
any rain that falls
 Rain forest and deciduous leaves are broad
and flat, desert plants have spines to
conserve water
Adaptations continued

Nastic movements-response to movement
Mimosa leaves curl up when touched
Venus Fly Trap snaps shut when hairs are moved
 Circadian Rhythms-fold leaves and flowers at night
and open in day, or secrete nectar and scents when
pollinators are active
 Photoperiodism-response to length of daylight
Longer day causes the production of hormones
short-day plants bloom in fall and winter – mums
long-day plants bloom in spring and summer- iris
day-neutral plants bloom over range of
photoperiods