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Plant and Soil Science Recognizing the Importance of Plant and Soil Science Ask students to name the top five crops in terms of amount produced in your state. Create a listing of five columns on the board. Put the name of one of the top five crops at top of each column. Then ask the students to name uses of each of the various crops. Create a list of uses in the column below each crop. WHST.9‐12.5 Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience. (HS‐LS4‐6) WHST.9‐12.9 Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. (HSLS1‐1) HS‐LS2‐6. Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms in stable conditions, but changing conditions may result in a new ecosystem. [Clarification Statement: Examples of changes in ecosystem conditions could include modest biological or physical changes, such as moderate hunting or a seasonal flood; and extreme changes, such an volcanic eruption or sea level rise.] PS.02. Apply principles of classification, plant anatomy, and plant physiology to plant production and management. PS.02.01. Classify plants according to taxonomic systems. Sample Measurement: The following sample measurement strands are provided to guide the development of measurable activities (at different levels of proficiency) to assess students’ attainment of knowledge and skills related to the above performance indicator. The topics represented by each strand are not all-encompassing. PS.02.01.01.a. Identify and summarize systems used to classify plants based on specific, characteristics. Agronomy Foliage Cereal Forage Grain Fibers Forestry Field Grain Crops Floriculture Food Crop Horticulture Crops Grasses Herb Horticultural Crops Interiorscaping Olericulture Landscape Ornamental Horticulture Legumes Oil Crops Ornamental Crops Horticulture Plant Domestication Plants are the base of food chain for all living things. Plants are able to utilize inorganic elements and incorporate them into living tissues. • Many organisms rely on plants for the energy to carry out life processes Edible plants- whole plants or portions of plants, such as seeds and fruits, are used as a food source for many types of animals, including humans • Most important is the cereal grains Rice, corn, wheat, sorghum and barley • Areas unable to grow cereal grains well grow starchy root crops Yams, sweet potatoes, and manioc or cassava • 88% of world’s total calorie intake comes from plants • 80% of world’s protein intake comes from plants • Also used in the production of beverages Coffee, tea, and fruit juice Industrial use-there are several important products produced from plants, such as wood, fibers, oils, and rubber. Many fibers are used in textile manufacturing • Cotton, flax, and hemp plants Wood from timber production is used for furniture, homes, and many other products • Many chemicals are also derived from trees Acetic acid, methanol, and turpentine Medicinal uses- the importance that plants play in the development of medicines is becoming increasingly evident. Many believe that the key to curing many of our most deadly diseases such as cancer and AIDS may lie within some undiscovered plant compound Oils-many plants store oil as a food reserved in the seeds and fruits of the plant Most of the plant oils are used in food production for humans, but some are used in industry Most important is the soybean, others would include coconut, sunflower, peanut, cottonseed, and rapeseed. Soil science is the study of the structure, composition, fertility, use, and protection of soil. • Soil is top layer of the earth’s crust Plant Science is the study of the structure, functions, growth, and protection of plants. Field crops- include plants grown in large fields and are used for oil, fiber, grain, and similar products • Corn and wheat grown for their grain but other parts of the plant can be utilized • Agronomy is a specialized area of plant science that deals with field crops Include relationship between plants and soil Horticulture crops are grown for food, comfort, and beauty Ornamental Horticulture is the growing and using plants for their beauty. It contains three areas 1.Floriculture is the production and use of plants for their flowers and foliage Foliage is the stems and leaves of the plant 2.Landscape horticulture is the growing and using plants to make the outdoor environment more appealing Includes shrubs, flowering plants, and lawn areas 3.Interiorscaping is using plants inside buildings to create an attractive indoor environment Food Crop Horticulture is the growing plants for food, which can be divided into two areas 1. Olericulture is the science of producing vegetable crops 2. Pomology is the science of producing fruits and nuts. Forestry- is the science of growing trees and producing wood products. Tree farms are cultured forests that have been carefully planned, established and maintained. • Requires a great deal of labor and management to assure high quality timber Very few wild plants are used in our everyday lives, most plants have been domesticated • Plant domestication is removing plants from their native wild environment and growing them under controlled conditions Important field and horticultural crops are divided into seven categories 1. Grain crops- include plants grown for their edible seeds not including the horticultural crops – Cereal grain is the seed of grass-type plants grown for food and animal feed – Rice, corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, and sorghum 2. – Sugar and oil crops- are produced for two commodities: sweeteners and vegetable oil Sugar crops are used as a source of sucrose • Sucrose is a carbohydrate that provides energy for physical activity by the body • Sugar beets, corn and sugar cane are major crops but also include honey, maple syrup, and some kinds of sorghum – Oil crops- are plants grown for the vegetable oil contained in their seed and fruit. • Major crops include: soybeans, cotton, canola, and corn 3. Fiber crops- are grown for the fiber produced in their fruit, leaves, or stems • Fibers are tiny threadlike structures used in manufacturing cloth, paper, and other materials Cotton, flax, kenaf, hemp, jute, and ramie 4. Vegetable, fruit, and nut crops- crops are grown primarily for food • Vegetable crops may be grown for different parts of the plant, such as leaves, stems, seed, and roots 5. Forage- crops are primarily grasses and legumes • Grasses are non- woody plants that have parallel veins in their leaves • Legumes are broadleaf plants that have the potential of fixing nitrogen from the air in the soil • Forage is the leaves and stems of plants used for animal feed Most nutritious while plant is young and before seed mature Can be harvested by animals grazing in a pasture or cut, dried, and stored for feel later 6. Ornamental and turf crops- include flowers, shrubs, vines, and other species grown for their beauty and personal appeal • Turf comprises plants used to present a pleasing appearance and protect soil • Plants are low-growing, fine-leaved grasses used in lawns and to cover the ground to prevent soil erosion 7. Others crops- many other crops grown for a variety of uses • Beverage crops such as coffee, tea, and cocoa, are typically grown in tropical areas • Herbs and spices are grown in small quantities throughout North America Have little food value but make food taste better or more appealing An herb is a non-woody plant with leaves, seed or other parts used as medicine or to enhance food Spice is an aromatic plant part that is used to season food • Medicinal plants are those used in making human medicines What are the various roles plants play in everyday life? What are the various segments of plant and soil science? What are some important types of plants and what are their uses? What category of plant was This young man named after?