Transcript Motivation and Emotion

Motivation and Emotion
 Theories
of Motivation
 Biological and Social Motives
 Emotions
Objectives
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List and explain four theories of motivation
Discuss the difference between intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation
Describe the biological and social needs of
humans
Explain Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Describe the hunger drive, and analyze the
causes of obesity
Give examples of the physiological theories of
emotion
Describe four theories of emotion
Key Terms
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Motive
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Motivation
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Need
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Drive
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Instincts
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Homeostasis
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Incentive
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Self-Actualization Needs
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Obesity
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Lateral Hypothalamus
Ventromedial Hypothalamus 
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Achievement Motivation
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Performance Goal
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Learning Goal
Extrinsic Motivation and
Reward
Intrinsic Motivation and Reward
Cognitive Consistency
Balance Theory
Imbalance
Nonbalance
Cognitive-Dissonance Theory
Affiliation
Emotion
Opponent-Process Theory
Fundamental Needs
Psychological Needs
Emotion
The Psychology of Motivation
Why do people do the things they do?
 This question relates to Motivation.
 Motive is a stimulus that moves a
person to behave in ways designed to
accomplish a specific goal.
 Area deals with the Why of behavior.
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Needs
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Need is a condition which we require
something we lack.
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Biological or Fundamental Needs – like oxygen,
water, food
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Psychological Needs- achievement, belonging,
social approval, etc.
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Hunger and Thirst are based on deprivation
Biologically Based
Not based on deprivation
Not Biologically Based
Needs motivate people to accomplish certain
goals.
Drives
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Drives are the forces that motivate an
organism to take action. Based on
biological and psychological needs.
Need for food gives rise to the hunger drive.
 Need for water gives rise to the thirst drive.
 The experience of the hunger and thirst is a
psychological one.
 The longer the deprivation occurs the
stronger the drive to eat and drink.
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Theories of Motivation
Instinct
Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Incentive Theory
Cognitive Theory
Instinct Theory
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Instincts – are behavior patterns that
are genetically transmitted from
generation to generation.
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Fixed-action pattern – born to act in certain
ways in certain situations. (animal
examples)
Today most psychologists do not believe
that human behavior is motivated by
instinct.
Drive-Reduction Theory
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Based on learning as well as motivation.
People and animals experience a drive arising
from a need as an unpleasant tension.
They learn to do whatever will reduce that
tension by reducing the drive. ( Eat to reduce
hunger drive.)
People will try to reduce the learned drives
and biological drives.
Homeostasis- state of equilibrium in the body
(like a thermostat)
Incentive Theory
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Stresses the role of the environment in
motivating behavior
Our actions are directed toward a goal or
incentive
Incentive- is the object we seek or the result
we are trying to achieve
Also called goals, reinforces, and rewards
Incentives pull you to accomplish something
Cognitive Theory
Extrinsic Motivation-Engaging in activities
to reduce biological needs or obtain
incentives or extend rewards
 Intrinsic Motivation-Engaging in activities
because those activities are personally
rewarding or because engaging in them
fulfills our beliefs or expectations.
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Over-justification effect: when people are
given more extrinsic motivation than necessary
to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation
declines.
Biological Needs: Focus on Hunger
 Hunger
Drive
 Role of the Mouth
 Role of the Stomach
 Hypothalamus
 Psychological Influences
Role of the Mouth
The act of chewing and swallowing
provide sensations to satisfy hunger.
 Research on dogs called “Sham
Feeding”
 Chewing and swallowing lets the body
know it is satisfied before the foods
nutrients reaches the bloodstream.
 Don’t eat until you feel full because you
will overeat.
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Role of the Stomach
Research suggests that the growling
stomach plays a role in hunger but is not
the main factor involved in signaling
hunger.
 Research done on people with stomachs
removed.
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Hypothalamus
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Level of Sugar in the Blood
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Drops in blood sugar level is transmitted to
hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus
Involved in regulation of body temperature
and aspects of motivation and emotion.
 Research on rats show the role of the
hypothalamus in regulating the hunger drive
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Research on Rats
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Lateral Hypothalamus functions as the “starteating” center.
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Stimulation will cause rat to start eating even if it had
just eaten
Damage will cause rat to stop eating altogether.
Ventromedial Hypothalamus functions as the
“stop-eating” center.
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Stimulation causes rat to stop eating
Damage or destroyed causes the rat to eat
continually and weight gain.
Obesity
1 in 3 American adults are obese
 Obesity – weighing more than 30% above
the recommended weight
(based on height)
 25% to 50% of American adults are on
a diet at any given time
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Why are dieting efforts largely unsuccessful?
Sociocultural Theory
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Cultural experiences and factors
influence the behavior that people use to
satisfy the inborn drives like hunger.
Foods people chose to eat dictated by
culture
 The way we eat food
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Sexual Expression also dictated by
culture.
Psychological Influences
People eat more in social settings than
when alone.
 People may eat when feeling stress
because of the calming effect of some
foods
 People may use food as a reward
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Parents should not reward children with
food, linked in child’s mind to Parental
Approval.
Physical Consequences of Obesity
Heart Disease
 Diabetes
 Gout
 Respiratory Problems
 Some Cancers
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Social Consequences of Obesity
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indicates:
 Less Popular
 Less Successful
 Low Self-Esteem
 Peer Rejection
Adolescent Weight Lose
Proceed with caution and remember that
teens need proper nutrition for proper
development
 Don’t diet because of social pressure
 Discuss any diet plan with a professional
and with parents
 Diets must be sensible, realistic, and well
planned
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Sound Diet Plans
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What they are not!!!!
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Fasting
Fad diet
Eating only one type of food (grapefruit diet)
What they ARE!!!
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Focus is on lifestyle change.
Gradual and Healthy loss
Reducing Caloric Intake
Proper Nutrition
Exercise
Modifying ones behavior
Best Methods for Losing Weight
Exercise
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Diet
And Keeping It Off
Nutrition and The Food Pyramid
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The Food Guide Pyramid is one way for people
to understand how to eat healthy. A rainbow of
colored, vertical stripes represents the five food
groups plus fats and oils. Here's what the colors
stand for:
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orange - grains
green - vegetables
red - fruits
yellow - fats and oils
blue - milk and dairy products
purple - meat, beans, fish, and nuts
Exercise and The Food Pyramid
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The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
changed the pyramid in spring 2005 because
they wanted to do a better job of telling
Americans how to be healthy. The agency
later released a special version for kids. Notice
the girl climbing the staircase up the side of
the pyramid? That's a way of showing kids
how important it is to exercise and be active
every day. In other words, play a lot! The steps
are also a way of saying that you can make
changes little by little to be healthier. One step
at a time, get it?
Choose MY PLATE
Balancing Calories
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Enjoy your food, but eat less.
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Avoid oversized portions.
Foods to Increase
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Make half your plate fruits and vegetables.
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Make at least half your grains whole grains.
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Switch to fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk.
Foods to Reduce
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Compare sodium in foods like soup, bread,
and frozen meals ― and choose the foods
with lower numbers.
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Drink water instead of sugary drinks.
http://www.choosemyplate.gov/
The Food Pyramid
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The Pyramid Speaks
Let's look at some of the other messages this new symbol is trying to
send:
Eat a variety of foods. A balanced diet is one that includes all the food
groups. In other words, have foods from every color, every day.
Eat less of some foods, and more of others. You can see that the
bands for meat and protein (purple) and oils (yellow) are skinnier than
the others. That's because you need less of those kinds of foods than
you do of fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy foods.
You also can see the bands start out wider and get thinner as they
approach the top. That's designed to show you that not all foods are
created equal, even within a healthy food group like fruit. For
instance, apple pie might be in that thin part of the fruit band because it
has a lot of added sugar and fat. A whole apple - crunch! - would be
down in the wide part because you can eat more of those within a
healthy diet.
Make it personal. Through the USDA's MyPyramid website, people can
get personalized recommendations about the mix of foods they need to
eat and how much they should be eating.
Causes of Obesity
 Heredity
 Environment
 Psychological
Factors
 Personal Circumstances
http://win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/health_
risks.htm
 http://nhlbisupport.com/bmi/
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Humanistic Theory
People are motivated by the conscious
desire for personal growth and artistic
fulfillment.
 Sometimes our drives to fulfill such needs
outweigh our basic drives.
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Artistic Goals (forget to eat or sleep)
 Political Goals (hunger strike)
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Abraham Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs
 Critics say hierarchy does not apply to
everyone
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