Transcript KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS

Plants
Structure and
Reproduction
Characteristics of Plants
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Autotrophic
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Cell wall made of cellulose
Organelles including chloroplasts
Large, central vacuole
Plant Tissues
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Dermal: outermost layer
on leaves and stems;
covered with a waxy
layer called the cuticle
Vascular: used for
transport
Ground: photosynthetic
cells, support cells, and
all other cells that are not
dermal or vascular
Plant Structures
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Roots:
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Usually the part of the plant that grows below
the surface of the soil
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Absorb water and minerals
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Anchor the plant
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Can store food
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2 types—taproot and fibrous root
Stems:
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Support leaves and flowers
Transport water and nutrients within the plant
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3.
Can function to store food (ex: potato is
an underground stem)
Node: place where leaves attach to stems
Leaves:
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Organs where photosynthesis occurs
Has an outer dermal tissue with stomata
The stoma is surrounded by guard cells
that allow carbon dioxide to enter and
oxygen & water to leave
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Has an inner ground tissue, made of parenchymal
cells, that has vascular tissue (the vein) within it
Common features of leaves include:
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Blade: flat, broad section of the leaf
Petiole: short stalk that connects the blade to the stem
Veins: carry water, minerals and sugar
Can be simple or compound
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Compound leaves can be pinnate or palmate
Flowers:
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Modified stems with specialized leaves and other
structures for reproduction
Has 3 types of parts:
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Male Reproductive Parts
 Called the stamen
 Made up of the anther (produces pollen) and the
filament (supports the anther)
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Female Reproductive Parts
 Called the pistil
 Made up of the stigma (the pollen lands
here), the style (connects the stigma and
the ovary) and the ovary (makes ovules)
Sterile Parts
 Petals: brightly colored parts of the
flower
 Sepals: green, leaf-like structures that
support the flower
Asexual Reproduction
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It produces clones, genetically identical
offspring
In a stable environment with abundant
resources, asexual reproduction is faster than
sexual reproduction and produces offspring
that are well adapted to the existing
environment
Sexual Reproduction
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Results in seed formation
The seed is a plant embryo with its stored food
Advantages of seeds:
Can be spread out over great distances
 Seeds can stay dormant for long periods of time
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For flowering plants, sexual reproduction
begins with the process of pollination
Pollination
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Process of transporting pollen (male gamete)
from the male flower parts to the female parts
Pollen is transported by wind, water, insects,
or other organisms
Fertilization
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Pollen lands on the stigma
Pollen tube grows down through
the style to the ovary
Sperm nuclei are carried along the
pollen tube
Pollen tube enters the ovule
Sperm nucleus fuses with the egg
and forms a zygote
A 2nd sperm nucleus fertilizes 2
polar nuclei to form a food-storing
tissue called endosperm
Fertilization (cont.)
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Zygote develops into an embryo
Ovule becomes a seed
The rest of the ovary becomes a fruit, which will
house and protect the seeds and help disperse the
seeds to new locations
Plant Classification
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Plants are divided into groups based on
three key features:
The presence of vascular tissue
 The presence of seeds
 The presence of flowers
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The groups are:
Nonvascular plants--mosses
 Vascular seedless plants--ferns
 Vascular seed plants
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Gymnosperms (seeds in cones)--pines
 Angiosperms (seeds in flowers)
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Angiosperm Classification
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Angiosperms can be classified in several ways
One classification system, based on the
physical characteristics of the plant, is to
divide them into the monocots and the dicots
Another classification system is based on life
span
Monocot
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Monocot:
Have a single cotyledon
(leaves in the embryo)
 Veins are parallel
 Vascular bundles are
scattered throughout the stem
 Have fibrous roots
 Floral parts in multiples of 3
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Dicot
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Dicot:
Have two cotyledons
 Veins are branched
 Vascular bundles are arranged
in a ring in the stem
 Have taproots
 Floral parts in multiples of 4 or
5
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Life Span
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Annual: plants grow,
mature, flower, produce
seeds and die in one
growing season
Biennial: complete their
life cycles in two years
Perennial: live for more
than two years
Sapphire flower
Petunia
Verbena
Lupin
Sunstar
Foxglove