Transcript RANUNCULUS SP - Startseite

MIS
Macrophyte Index Scheme
(Wegher e Turin, 1987)
Aquatic macrophytes can be considered good biological
indicators of pollution because:
• they are sensitive to pesticides, to organic pollution and
to eutrophication
• They are easy to identify
• They aren’t movable
This index is based on the presence/absence of some taxa
belonging to different groups of sensibility
We can define four groups ( A-B-C-D-) with a gradient of
decreasing sensibility
GROUP A
Ranunculs sp
Callitriche hamulata
RANUNCULUS SP
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Scientific name: Ranunculus Sp.
Common name: Buttercup, Golden
Button
Family: Ranuncolcee
Characteristics: A vigorous,
herbaceous plant, that grows in
normal or marshy land and
spontaneously in Italy. Buttercups
originally had simple flowers with five
petals but today there are hybrids with
semi-double or double flowers
Colour of flowers: Buttercup flowers
may be yellow, white, orange, red or
tobacco; they are characterized of
brilliant tones and of a particular
shininess.
RANUNCULUS SP
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Period of flowering: This varies
depending on the species and the
altitude. Some buttercups announce
spring, others flower in summer.
Reproduction: The buttercup plant
can be reproduced by dividing the
tuberous roots or by sowing seeds but
the latter way is extremely difficult.
In Italy there are about fifty wild
species of buttercups, a plant with
fleshy roots, known as “feet” that are
similar to tubers and leaves that are
different depending on the species,
ranging from divided or whole, linear or
palmate shape. Buttercups prefer
open but sheltered places with sunlight
in the warmer hours of the day.
CALLITRICHE spp
Water-starworts are small, delicate
plants usually found in shallow
water. All species are loosely
rooted to the bottom with narrow
underwater leaves and/or
broadened floating leaves
arranged in pairs along thin stems.
Characteristics of water-starworts
are quite variable and depend on
growing conditions. To be sure of
their identification to species, the
surfaces of mature fruit need to be
examined under 10-20x
magnification.
CALLITRICHE HAMULATA
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Scientific name: CALLITRICHE
HAMULATA
Common name: Intermediate WaterStarwort
Description: the stem is thin and it
can grow till 30-40 cm of length.
Young leaves are submersed, long
and thin; their colour is light green.
Meanwhile the plant grows up its
leaves become wider and oval. The
leaves that can reach the surface are
round and form a kind of “star” floating
on the water surface.Flowers are
small, green, without petals; they
flower between April and September,
but it’s difficult to see them because of
their small size.
Habitat: the callitriche grows in clean
waters with a slow flow; it is typical of
a spring river.
GROUP B
Ranuncul acquatilis
Ranuncul peltatus
Callitriche stagnalis
Callitriche obtusangula
Callitriche platycarpa
Chara spp.
Fontinalis antipiretica
Potamoceton lucens
Potamogeton obtusifolius
Elodea canadensis
Hippuris vulgaris
Apium nodiflorum
Rorippa nasturium-acquaticum
RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS
White water-buttercup is found in
ponds, lakes, ditches and
streams. The small white flowers
with a yellow centre rise above the
water surface. Many white waterbuttercup plants have two distinct
types of leaves: very finely
divided, thread-like, fan-shaped
underwater leaves, and floating or
emersed leaves that appear
scalloped. Often only the
underwater leaves are present.
The plants sometimes form
conspicuous mats on the water
surface.
RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS
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Leaf: The leaf form is variable
depending on the season and growing
conditions, but the leaves are always
alternately arranged on the stem.
Submersed leaves are branched into
more than 20 thread-like segments.
These fan-shaped leaves are 1-4 cm
wide and are attached to the stem by
1-2 cm long leaf stalks. Floating
leaves: are often absent. When
present, these scalloped leaves (0.5-2
cm long) are flat and have 3 to 5 main
lobes.
Stem: The long smooth or slightly hairy
stem can grow up to 1 m and it is
weak, branched, and rooting at the
lower nodes.
RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS
Flower: Single flowers on stalks (1-6 cm
long) rise above the water surface.
Each flower is 1-2 cm across, has a
yellow centre, and 5 white petals. As
the fruit matures, the petals detach
and the flower stalks tend to curve
away from the stem.
Fruit: White water-buttercup has clusters
of 10 to 50 achenes per flower. Each
achene is 1.5 -2.5 mm long, has a
pointed end, and often has cross
ridges.
Root: Fibrous roots often emerge from
nodes on the lower portions of the
stems.
Propagation: Seeds and stem fragments.
Habitat: Ponds, lake margins, rivers, slowmoving streams or ditches.
RANUNCULUS PELTATUS
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R. peltatus is generally found in slowmoving streams or in lakes or ponds. It
requires fairly nutrient-rich (eutrophic)
conditions. Often it will form dense and
very conspicuous beds
Flowers are white (or very pale pink),
somewhat larger than all other watercrowfoots.
Leaves are either finely dissected if
submerged, or round and lobed.
Individual plants will normally carry
both kinds of leaf at time of flowering
(from May to August).
CALLITRICHE STAGNALIS
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Pond water-starwort usually has spoon-shaped
floating leaves crowded at the stem-tip.
Leaf: Opposite. Narrow submersed leaves (up to 10
mm wide) with one rounded leaf tip are sometimes
present. Oval or spoon-shaped floating leaves are up
to 10 mm wide and are joined by tiny ridges at the
base.
Stem: Usually branched, rising to surface or
sprawling.
Flower: Tiny flowers lack sepals and petals and are
located at the leaf bases on minute stalks. 2-4 tiny
whitish bracts emerge from the flower base.
Fruit: Small, located at the leaf bases. Four
compartments, each containing one seed. Oval, 1.21.8 mm long, 1.2-1.7 mm wide, narrow margin all
around (wing); bracts at base.
Root: Fibrous, from plant base or sprouting from
stem joints.
Propagation: Plant fragments, seeds.
Habitat: Shallow water of lake margins and streams.
CALLITRICHE OBTUSANGULA
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English name:Blue-fruited Water-starwort
Scientific name: Callitriche obtusangula
Le Gall
Diagnostic features: Aquatic perennial,
but not fruiting if submerged.
Submerged leaves: linear.
Floating leaf-blades: broadly rhombic,
each vein usually marked by a fine
raised ridge when fresh.
Stamens: c.5mm; anthers c.0.6mm wide.
Pollen grains: markedly ellipsoid or
slightly curved.
Fruits: c.1.5 x 1.2mm, unwinged, with ±
erect styles.
Habitat: Native; in and by ponds and
streams.
CALLITRICHE PLATYCARPA
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English name Various-leaved Waterstarwort
Scientific name: Callitriche platycarpa.
It forms rosettes with 10-12 leaves, the
single leaves in the rosette are like the
submerged leaves, eliptic or narrow
spatulate, while the emerse leaves are
more broad. The plant name: The
genus-name Callitriche comes from
the greek words kalos (= beautifull)
and thrix (= hair), the name refer to the
smallness of the genus, the speciesname platycarpa is likewise greek and
comes from platys (= flat) and karpon
(= fruit).its are brown with thigh ali. It
grows in poor (of minerals) waters.
CHARA SPP.
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Species: Chara spp.,
English name:muskgrass, stonewort,
muskwort
Although these common lake
inhabitants look similar to many
underwater plants, they are actually
algae. Muskgrasses are green or greygreen coloured algae that grow
completely submersed in shallow (4
cm) to deep (20 m) water. Individuals
can vary greatly in size, ranging from 5
cm to 1 m in length. The main "stem"
of muskgrasses bear whorls of branch
lets, clustered at regularly spaced
joints. When growing in hard water,
muskgrasses sometimes become
coated with lime, giving them a rough
gritty feel. These algae are identifiable
by their strong skunk-like or garlic
smell, especially evident when
crushed.
FONTINALIS ANTIPYRETICA
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Species: Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw,
English name: common water moss
Family:Fontinalaceae
Common water moss is a dark green
underwater plant that attaches to rocks
or logs in flowing water, or floats loose
or attached in still water. The leaves
are sharply pointed, ridged,
overlapping, and arranged in 3 rows
along the entire length of the stems.
The stems grow up to 60 cm long and
appear triangular if the leaves are
removed. Common water moss does
not produce flowers, reproducing by
stolons, plant fragments, or spores
instead. It is often found dried and
dormant above water in the summer.
FONTINALIS ANTIPYRETICA
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Leaf: The rather rigid, sharply-pointed
leaves are 4 to 9 mm long, broadly lanceshaped to egg-shaped, and have a
lengthwise ridge down the back. They are
arranged in 3 rows and partly overlap along
the entire length of the stem. When
removed from the stem, the leaves appear
to be folded length-wise down the middle.
Stem: The branching stem is 20 to 60 mm
long, conspicuously three-angled (appears
triangular in cross section), and entirely
covered by the leaves.
Flower: None, produces spores instead.
Fruit: Microscopic spores are produced in
smooth capsules that measure 2 to 2.6 mm
long. Spores are only produced on plants
that are subjected to periods of drying.
Fertilization and spore release will only take
place above water.
Root: No true roots. Rootlets (rhizoids)
attach common water moss to rocks and
logs.
FONTINALIS ANTIPYRETICA
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Propagation: Mostly by stolons and
leafy plant fragments. Infrequently by
spores.
Habitat: Water moss is found attached
to rocks or logs in swift flowing water,
or floating loose or attached to
substrate in still water. It is common in
shaded sites and prefers slightly acidic
water. It requires water below pH 8.4
where dissolved carbon dioxide is
available.
It is characteristic of cold flowing
waters. It is constitute by small stems
(long 30-50 cm) tag at the bottom.
It grows in environments with
temperatures between 10°C and 15°C,
clean water with neutral pH and media
durezza.
POTAMOGETON LUCENS
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Leaves of only one kind, not separated
into submerged and floating. Leaves
on main stem 7-20 cm long. In the axil
of each leaf is a stiff, pale green,
yellowish or reddish stipule, about 40%
as long as the leaf, with two
conspicuous ribs or keels. All leaves
have a short stalk about 1-12 mm
long.
Other features: Leaves wavyedged. On either side of the midrib
there are about 2 prominent veins and
outside those another 2 or so fainter
ones. Joining these lengthwise veins
there are thinner but still very
conspicuous cross-veins, which are at
an angle of about 60-80° to the main
veins, both near the midrib and near
the edge. Fruit-spike thickening
upwards.
POTAMOGETON OBTUSIFOLIUS
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Family: Potamogetonaceae
Duration : Perennial
Rhizomes absent. Cauline stems slightly compressed,
without spots, 35-90 cm; glands yellow-green to gold,
0.2-1 mm diameter. Turions terminal, abundant, soft;
outer leaves 3-4 per side, base not corrugate, apex
apiculate to obtuse; inner leaves undifferentiated. Leaves
submersed, ± spirally arranged, sessile, flaccid; stipules
persistent, inconspicuous, convolute, free from blade,
white, not ligulate, 0.6-1.8 cm, fibrous, rarely shredding at
tip, apex obtuse; blade light green to somewhat reddish,
linear, not arcuate, base slightly tapering, without basal
lobes, not clasping, margins entire, not crispate, apex not
hoodlike, obtuse or round-apiculate, lacunae in 1-3 rows
each side of midrib; veins 3. Inflorescences unbranched,
emersed; peduncles not dimorphic, axillary, erect, rarely
recurved, cylindric; spike not dimorphic, cylindric, 8-13
mm.
Fruits sessile, olive-green to brown, obovoid, turgid,
abaxially keeled or not, laterally keeled or not, lateral
keels when present without points; sides without basal
tubercles; embryo with 1 full spiral.
Flowering and fruiting summer fall. Medium- to lowalkaline waters of lakes and slow-flowing streams;
It has two hybrids, Potamogeton obtusifolius P. pusillus
and P. friesii obtusifolius.
ELODEA CANADENSIS
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These underwater perennial plants
sometimes occur as tangled masses in
lakes, ponds, and ditches. Individual
plants within each species vary in
appearance depending on growing
conditions. Some are bushy and
robust, others have few leaves and
weak stems. Both have long, trailing
stems with green, somewhat
translucent leaves arranged in whorls
of 3 around the stem.
ELODEA CANADENSIS
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Leaf: Mostly arranged in whorls of 3
(occasionally 4), but sometimes opposite on
the lower portions of the stems. Leaves very
finely toothed along the edges, but evident
only with magnification.
Stem: Long, slender, generally branched.
Common waterweed is more sparingly
branched than Nuttall's waterweed.
Flower: Often does not produce flowers. Small
(8 mm across), white flowers occur at the ends
of long, thread-like stalks and have 3 petals
and usually 3 sepals. Male and female flowers
occur on separate plants, but male flowers are
rarely produced. Blooms from July to
September. Fruit: Capsules approximately 6
mm long, seeds about 4 mm long, but because
of a shortage of male plants, seeds are seldom
produced.
Root: Tufts of fibrous roots from nodes along
the stem.
Propagation: Stem fragments, over wintering
buds, and rarely by seeds.
Habitat: Lakes, rivers, ponds and ditches.
HIPPURIS VULGARIS
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Species: Hippuris vulgaris
Family: Hippuridaceae
Common mare's-tail looks like a robust
green bottlebrush growing in patches
primarily in the shallow areas of
streams, ponds, and lakes or on wet
muddy shores when water levels drop.
This plant is characterized by
unbranched stems, abundant whorled
leaves, and inconspicuous flowers.
The leaves and stems vary in form
depending on whether they are
growing underwater or are emergent.
The underwater plant portions are
limp, flexible, and have very long
leaves. Emergent portions are stiff and
erect, with short narrow leaves.
HIPPURIS VULGARIS
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Leaf: Arranged in whorls; 6-12 stalk
less, smooth-edged leaves per whorl.
Two types: submersed leaves are soft,
pale green, and measure up to 5 cm
long and 3 mm wide. Emergent leaves
are dark green, stiffer, and smaller. In
deeper water only the submersed leaf
form may be present.
Stem: The unbranched stem is hollow,
up to 1 m long, and forms roots at the
nodes. The stem is erect when
emergent; limp when submersed; and
can form creeping rhizomes.
HIPPURIS VULGARIS
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Flower: Small, inconspicuous flowers
are located at the leaf bases. The
flowers which lack petals and sepals,
are reduced to a tiny rim.
Fruit: Tiny (mature fruit about 2 mm
long), nut-like, located at leaf bases.
Root: Fibrous. Arising from lower
portion of stems and rhizomes.
Propagation: Seeds, rhizomes. Will regrow from stem cuttings.
Habitat: At the edges of lakes, ponds,
and streams in fresh, usually shallow
water, though it will grow in water up to
2 m deep.
APIUM NODIFLORUM
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Family: Apiaceae
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Type: glaborous, perennial. Hel.
Taste: nauseous.
Stems: procumbent or ascending,
rooting at lower nodes, flring
stems rooting at base, hollow, finely
grooved.
Height: 30-100cm
Umbels: compound, sessile or shortly
procumbent. 3-15, 1-2 cm rays,
subequal, scabrid,
spreading or recurved (0.3) 1-2
cm. Peduncles < than rays; or almost
absent, leaf opposed.
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APIUM NODIFLORUM
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Leaves: simply pinnate, bright green, shiny. 24 (6) pairs of lobes, 1.5-6 (10) cm, lanceolate
to ovate, serrate or crenate somewhat lobed,
sessile. Cotyledons contracted into petiole.
Bracts: absent. Bracteoles 4-7, linear lancolate
to ovate, = or > than flowers.
Flowers: greenish white. Styles form a
stylopodium. Fl.7-8.
Fuit: 2-2.5 mm ovoid, laterally compressed,
smooth. Commisure narrow. Mericarps
with prominent thick ribs.
Carpophore present. Vittae solitary. Pedicels
1-2 mm. Styles >
than stylopodium, recurved, stigma a small
knob.
Habitat: ditches, shallow ponds, wet places.
Nutrient rich calcerous soil.
RORIPPA NASTURIUM-AQUATICUM
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This emergent perennial herb is typically observed as a
tangle of stems and leaves growing in cold, flowing
water. Usually the ends of the stems and the leaves are
held above the water. The leaves are compound, each
consisting of a central stalk with several round leaflets
that have smooth or slightly wavy edges. The leaves
have a strong peppery taste. The small flowers each
have 4 white petals and are clustered at the ends of the
stems.
Leaf: The older leaves are compound, with each leaf
consisting of 3 to 11 smooth or wavy-edged, oval or
lance-shaped leaflets growing from a central stalk. The
entire leaf measures 4 to 12 cm long, with the end leaflet
usually larger than the others. Young leaves are simple,
not compound.
Stem: The trailing, fleshy stem is 10-60 cm long, breaks
easily, and is upright at the ends. It forms roots at the
lower nodes.
Flower: White flowers appear above the water from
March through October. The flowers are clustered at the
ends of the stems on short stalks. The flowers are 3-5
mm long and have 4 white petals.
Fruit: Thin, slightly curved, cylindrical pods are 10-25
mm long and about 2 mm wide, on stalks 8-12 mm long.
The seeds are small (1 mm), round, and arranged in four
rows inside the pods.
RORIPPA NASTURIUM-AQUATICUM
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Root: Thin and fibrous. Roots often grow from
the nodes of the trailing stems.
Propagation: Rooting stem fragments and
seeds.
Habitat: Flowing streams and other shallow
fresh water; prefers cold moving water.
Flower: White flowers appear above the water
from March through October. The flowers are
clustered at the ends of the stems on short
stalks. The flowers are 3-5 mm long and have 4
white petals.
Fruit: Thin, slightly curved, cylindrical pods are
10-25 mm long and about 2 mm wide, on stalks
8-12 mm long. The seeds are small (1 mm),
round, and arranged in four rows inside the
pods.
Root: Thin and fibrous. Roots often grow from
the nodes of the trailing stems.
Propagation: Rooting stem fragments and
seeds.
Habitat: Flowing streams and other shallow
fresh water; prefers cold moving water.
GROUP C
Zannichellia palustris
Sparganium spp.
Callitriche hermaphroditica
Potamogeton crispus
Potamogeton natans
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Nuphar lutea
Lemna minor
Lemna trisulca
Enteromorpha sp.
Scirpus lacustris
Myriophyllum spicatum
ZANNICHELLIA PALUSTRIS
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Family: Zannichelliaceae
Scientific name: Zannichellia palustris
L.
English name:Horned Pondweed
Horned pondweed is a delicate
underwater branching perennial that
can grow to a length of 1 m. It has
opposite, thread-like leaves that
emerge in such a way as to give the
plants a uniform shape. Unlike many
look alike aquatic plants which have
flowers that emerge from the water on
spikes, horned pondweed has
inconspicuous underwater flowers and
fruits located at the leaf bases. Look
for this plant in brackish or alkaline
streams, ponds, ditches, and lakes.
SPARGANIUM SPP
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English name:Branched Bur-reed
Botanic notes: monocotyledonous and
perennial plant, rhizomatous root.
Land of bloom: humid places and
ditches.
Description: A very common plant of
wet ditches, channels, fens, lakesides, river-sides, ponds and similar
wet habitats. Easily recognised, with
its tall shoots reaching four feet or so,
long, narrow keeled leaves, and a
stem which carries a branched
inflorescence of globular heads of
male and female flowers. The female
flowers develop into a bur-like
structure which eventually breaks up
into its separate fruits for dispersal.
CALLITRICHE
ERMAPHRODITICA
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Autumnal Water-starwort
Scientific name: Callitriche
hermaphroditica L.
Diagnostic features
Submerged annual to 50cm.
Leaves 8-18mm, widest near base,
tapering to emarginate apex, usually
pale to mid green.
Fruits common, ± orbicular in side
view, c.1.4-2.2(3.3)mm, with wing 0.10.5mm wide.
Chromosome number: 2n=6.
Habitat: Native; lakes and rivers.
POTAMOGETON CRISPUS
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Curly leaf pondweed grows entirely
underwater except for the flower stalk
which rises above the water. Curly leaf
pondweed has distinctly wavy-edged,
crispy olive-green to reddish-brown
leaves. It usually grows early in spring
and dies back in summer. The leaves
of flat-stem pondweed are long and
narrow with smooth edges and the
sharp-edged stem is flat.
POTAMOGETON CRISPUS
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Leaf: Alternate, all submersed, no leaf
stalks. Oblong, stiff, translucent leaves
(4-10 cm long, 5-10 mm wide) have
distinctly wavy edges with fine teeth
and 3 main veins. Sheaths (stipules)
up to 1 cm long are free of the leaf
base and disintegrate with age
Stem: branched, up to 90 cm long,
somewhat flattened.
Flower: Tiny, with 4 petal-like lobes, in
spikes 1-3 cm long on stalks up to 7
cm long.
Fruit: Seed-like achene, 4-6 mm long
including 2-3 mm beak, back ridged.
POTAMOGETON CRISPUS
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Root: Fibrous, from slender rhizomes.
Propagation: Seeds and creeping rhizomes, overwinters as a hard, brown, bur-like bud with crowded,
small holly-like leaves.
Distribution: nearly worldwide
Habitat: shallow to deep still or flowing water,
tolerant of disturbance.
Life history of Potamogeton crispus is unusual as it
flowers and fruits in late spring and early summer, at
which time it also produces turions. The plants
decay shortly after those structures develop, leaving
only fruits and turions, which survive the summer.
No one has observed any seed germination, but the
turions (referred to as dormant apices) germinate in
late summer or fall, and the plants overwinter as
small plants only a few cm centimetres in size, even
under the ice in northern climates (R. L. Stuckey et
al. 1978). Growth then continues as the water
begins warming in the spring.
POTAMOGETON NATANS
This perennial pondweed have oval
floating leaves and long, narrow,
underwater leaves. The underwater
leaves have a broad light green central
stripe, the floating leaves are often
oppositely arranged. The underwater
leaves are so narrow that they appear
to be stiff leafless stalks, and the
floating leaves often have slightly heartshaped bases.
POTAMOGETON NATANS
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Submersed leaves: They are alternate
and stiff and can be until 50 cm long
and up to 2 mm wide.
Floating leaves: They are alternate
and have a colour variable from dark
green to copper-coloured; they can be
from 6 to 11 cm long and they have a
width of 6 cm. their base is heartshaped and the stalk is longer than the
leaf blade.
Persistent sheaths (stipules): they can
be from 6 to 8 cm long and are free
from the leaf base
Stem: It is generally unbranched and
nearly cylindrical. It is 2 mm thick.
POTAMOGETON NATANS
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Flower: It consists of compact spikes
less than 5 cm long on stalks with a
length of 12 cm.
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Fruit: It is from 3.5 to 5 mm long; the
back is rounded or faintly ridged with a
beak of 0.5-1 mm.
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Root: It is fibrous and composed by
rhizomes.
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Propagation: It happens
through
seeds come by large winter buds.
These plants sometimes produce
tubers.
POTAMOGETON PERFOLIATUS
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Family: potamogetonaceae Perfoliate
Pondweed Potamogeton perfoliatus is
a submerged aquatic plant that occurs
in still and flowing freshwaters in
temperate climates. It is known as
clasped pondweed as the leaf bases
perfoliate (are wrapped around the
stem). This is one of the commonest
pondweeds. All the leaves are under
water; there are no floating leaves as
in some other common Potamogeton
species. It is common in lakes, ditches
and slow rivers and streams, and is
tolerant of quite a wide range of
nutrient status.
POTAMOGETON PERFOLIATUS
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Description: P. perfoliatus is one of the
common pondweeds, rather robust, with
the leaf bases wrapped around the stem.
All the leaves grow under water and there
are no floating leaves. Leaves are flat, ovalshaped, 2-6 cm long, narrow (due to lack of
light and calcium) but margins are slightly
crisped . Plants have thicker, darker green
foliage than do plants growing in deeper
water (MDNR, 2005). Ailstock and Shafer
(2004) state “reedgrass typically survives in
winter by persistence of sparsely branched
pale rhizomes embedded in the sediments.
Inflorescences are variable but mostly
consisting of 5-12 flowers with each
consisting of 4 carpels which in turn contain
a single ovule. Seed formation ranges from
20-48 seeds per inflorescence". Redhead
grass has an extensive root and rhizome
system that securely anchors the plant
(MDNR, 2005).
NUPHAR LUTEA
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It is a water plant with a big
underwater rootstock. From the
rootstock start the stalk of the floating
leaves (about 3m long). The other
leaves, instead, remain always under
the water. The floating leaves have got
an oval form, thy can be 30cm large
and 40cm long.
At the end of Spring (…)
The yellow flowers are smaller (5-7 cm
diameter) than the white flowers that
sometimes emerge a lot from the level
of water.
The fruit is a big capsule and looks like
a little bottle. It blooms from May to
September.
This plant lives in pools 3-4m depth.
LEMNA MINOR
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Description: floating plant not rooted.
Annual plant, floating on the level of
water, without stalks.
Everyone is consisting of two elliptical
leaves. sometimes there are two other
leaves (smaller than the others).
The flowers are without petals and
unisexed: the male one has got two
stamen, the female one ha got a
carpel. The fruit is achee.
Ecology: floating hydrophyte. It can
form colonies (sometimes very crowd).
It blooms from my and October. It lives
in areas between 0 to 1600m.
LEMNA TRISULCA
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LEMNA TRISULCA
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Description: leaves with triangular form, they
don’t float but they stay on the bottom. The
leaves are flat, lanceolate, they have a form
of star (in a four leaves group). Every leaf , 2mm large and 5-15 mm long, has got a stalk
that link it by a right angle to the other leaves.
The colour is light green or olive green and
semitransparent.
Every plant have got a separate root which
don’t anchor to the ground.
The flowers are very small e uncommon, only
when the plant goes up the level of the water
( from April to June).
Habitat: hot springs, pools, marshes,
eutrophicated lakes. It lives in water which
has neutral pH, but it can live also with 6.5 or
7.5 pH.
The temperature can’t be in high temperature
(not over 22°C), because it lose its colour.
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ENTEROMORPHA SP.
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ENTEROMORPHA SP.
Like the other green algae,
Enteromorpha has got an intense
green. It has got fine blades that can
be large as two inches Enteromorpha
is composed of flattened green tubes.
The various species of Enteromorpha
differ in a varity of features such as
size, branching patterns, and cell size
and arrangment.
SCIRPUS LACUSTRIS
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It is the biggest European cane in fact
it can be more than 3 meters high. It
has a great rootstock (..)
The stems are erected, cylindrical,
dark green.
The leaves are short and linear. the
inflorescence is a head at the top of
the steam.
It is common in Italy, in lakes and
pools, in marshes, rivers, channals
and ditches.
MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM
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Italian name: millefoglie
d’acqua
Description: underwater,
deep-rooted, floating
specie. Perennial plant, it
is from 5 to 20 dm high. It
has got blooming stem,
the leaves are gathered
with 5-6 whorls.
The flowers are in the
axils of normal leaves or
smaller leaves.
Ecology: it blooms from
June to September. It is
rare in all the Italian
territory. It lives in areas
between 0 to 800m.
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Original description: Linnaeus 1753
dicot, perennial
there are a number of water-milfoils, native and
non-native, that are confusable; this water-milfoil
has decidedly feathery-looking leaves
plants submersed rooted, attached to the
substrate
stems slender, smooth, 6 to 20 ft. long; stems
reddish-brown to whitish-pink; branching several
times near the water surface
leaves are olive-green, less than 2 in. long, soft,
deeply divided, feather-like; each leaf with a central
axis (midrib) and 14 to 24 or so very slender
(filiform) segments on each side of the axis
leaf whorls are arranged along the stems in whorls
of 3 to 6 (usually 4) leaves; whorl nodes are about
3/8 in. apart
flowers on an emersed spike, held erect above the
water, the spike to 8 inches long; flowers reddish;
arranged in 4-flowered whorls along spike; petals 4;
petals 1/8 in. long; sepals 4; stamens 8; flowering in
Canada from late July to early August
fruit 4-lobed; splitting into 4 nutlets
roots fibrous; often developing on plant fragments
GROUP D
Potamogenton pectinatus
Cladophora glomerata
POTAMOGETON PECTINATUS
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Family: Potamogetonaceae
Description :floating and rooted
species. It is a perennial plant, 5-15dm
high
Stems terete, ca. 1 mm thick, or the
main stem stouter on deep water
forms sparingly branched at the base,
becoming freely dichotomously
branched above, 3-10 dm long.
Leaves all submersed, filiform to
narrowly linear, 3-12 cm long, usually
0,2-1 mm wide, 1- to 3-nerved, acute,
sometimes wider with obtuse tips early
in the growing season or on plants
from running water;
stipules adnate to the base of the leaf
blade for 1-3 cm, forming a sheath
about as wide as the stem,
occasionally wider on the main stem,
especially in deep water forms.
Spikes elongate, 1-5 cm long, with 25(7) unevenly spaced floral whorls; h
peduncles lax, filiform, to 15 cm long.
Fruits yellowish to tawny, drying
brown, obliquely obovoid, 2,7-4 mm
long, rounded on the back, apiculate
due to the style beak which is usually
0,3-0,5 mm long.
Habitat Shallow to rather deep, fresh
to subsaline water of lakes, ponds,
marshes, ditches, rivers and streams;
common and often abundant.
Ecology: It is commune in all the
Italian territory. It lives in areas
between 0 to 2000m.
CLADOPHORA
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Cladophora glomerata (Blanket
weed). The species of filamentous or
string algae that causes the most
concern in fresh water systems
everywhere is Cladophora
glomerata. This is called blanket weed
(blanketweed or string algae). There
are over 150 different species of
cladophora so lots of different blanket
weeds.
Blanket weed (blanketweed) can grow
at unbelievable rates when the
conditions in the pond are matching
the requirements of the algae such as
pond water with very high light levels
and with high levels of nutrients. In
cases like this blanket weed can grow
at more than 2 metres per day (6 feet
per day!!!!)……