Transcript Systematic Implications of DNA variation in subfamily

Rosids – Part 2:
Eurosids I - Fabales & Rosales
Spring 2010
Figure 9.3 from the text
“Lower”
Core tricolpates
“Basal”
rosids
(Eurosids I)
(Eurosids II)
Rosids
Core Eudicots: Rosids
“Basal” Rosids:
Order Vitales
Eurosids I (Fabids):
Order Malpighiales
Order Cucurbitales
Order Fabales
Order Rosales
Order Fagales
Order Myrtales
Eurosids II (Malvids):
Order Brassicales
Order Malvales
Order Sapindales
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
Lecture 3
Lecture 4
(after spring break!)
Core Eudicots: The Rosids Lecture 2
“Basal” Rosids:
Order Vitales
Eurosids I (Fabids):
Order Malpighiales
Order Cucurbitales
Order Fabales
Fabaceae – Beans
Order Rosales
Rosaceae – Roses
Ulmaceae – Elms
Moraceae – Figs
Order Fagales
Order Myrtales
Eurosids II (Malvids)
Eurosids I:
Fabales: Fabaceae
(The Legume Family)
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Nearly cosmopolitan
Herbs, vines, trees, shrubs with usually alternate, pinnately to palmately
compound leaves
Diversity: 18,000 species in 630 genera – THIRD LARGEST FAMILY of
angiosperms
Flowers: a short, cup-like hypanthium present; sepals & petals usually 5,
more commonly connate; petals all alike or the uppermost 1 differentiated
(banner), the lower 2 forming a keel or flaring apart; stamens usually 10, if
connate then monadelphous or diadelphous; carpel 1, on a short stalk
(gynophore); fruit is a legume (Duh!) but sometimes modified
Significant features: High nitrogen metabolism w/ unusual amino acids,
often with root nodules with N-fixing bacteria; leaf and leaflet pulvinuses
well developed; endosperm often lacking; wide range of floral diversity; 3
subfamilies but 1 is not monophyletic
Special uses: Many!! Beans, peas, peanuts, soybean, clover,
ornamentals (Mimosa, Bauhinia); lumber, dyes, resins
Required taxa: Glycine, Trifolium, Mimosa, Cercis, Gleditsia
Fabaceae vegetative characters
root nodules
pulvinus
pinnately to palmately compound leaves
Fabaceae floral characters
Perigynous flower,
short hypanthium
Diadelphous stamens:
9+1
Parietal placentation
Fabaceae fruit and seed characters
non-endospermous
seeds
legumes,
loments,
etc.
Table 9.2 from the text:
Subfamilies of Fabaceae
Fabaceae: Mimosoideae
Actinomorphic
tubular
flowers
in heads
Albizia julibrissin
mimosa, silktree
many
stamens,
not fused
Fabaceae: Mimosoideae: Mimosa
-woody or herbaceous
-often armed (with prickles)
-leafstalk without glands
-flowers in heads or rarely
racemes or spikes
-stamens 10 or fewer
-fruits
Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae
zygomorphic
flower
pulvinus
Stamens not
fused
-10 or fewer
Senna obtusifolia
sicklepod
Fabaceae: “Cesalpinoideae”: Cercis
-unarmed
-leaves simple,
palmately veined
-flowers clustered,
appearing before leaves
-corolla rose to
pink-purple
Cercis canadensis - redbud
Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”:
Gleditsia
-armed (with thorns)
-leaves 1- or 2-pinnate
-flowers small, unisexual or
bisexual
-staminate inflorescences
catkin-like, pendent
-fertile inflorescences with
bisexual or carpellate flowers
Honey locust
Fabaceae: Faboideae
Petals unequal:
•banner
•wings
•keel
monadelphous
stamens
or more
commonly
diadelphous
stamens
bacterial root nodule
Crotalaria
spectabilis
showy rattlebox
Fabaceae: Faboideae
Petals unequal:
•banner
•wings
•keel
Crotalaria spectabilis
showy rattlebox
Fabaceae: Faboideae: Glycine
-leaves pinnately 3-foliolate
-inflorescence a raceme
-stamens diadelphous
-seeds few per pod
Fabaceae: Faboideae: Trifolium
-leaves palmately (or
pinnately) foliolate with
usually 3 leaflets
-inflorescences racemose
but often appearing
head-like
-stamens diadelphous
-fruits enclosed by the
persistent corolla
-seeds 1-6 per pod
Eurosids I:
Rosales: Rosaceae
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(The Rose Family)
Cosmopolitan, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere
Herbs, shrubs or trees (75% woody plants)
Diversity: 3,000 species in 90 genera
Flowers: Showy, actinomorphic, hypanthium present;
sepals 5; petals 5; stamens usually numerous; carpels
1 to many; ovary can be superior, inferior, or halfsuperior (perigynous); fruit can be a follicle, achene,
pome, drupe, or associated with expanded receptacle
Significant features: Wide range of fruit evolution within
family; leaves alternate, stipules present
Special uses: Fruits (apples, pears, berries),
ornamental herbs, trees, and shrubs; lumber,
perfumery
Required taxa: Rosa, *Rubus, Prunus, Malus
Rosaceae: Rosa
-shrubs, often prickly
-leaves pinnately compound
-ovary superior
-hypanthium + globose and
fleshy, contracted at
the mouth
-carpels numerous
-fruit an achene
Rosaceae: Rubus
-herbaceous to shrubby,
usually with prickles
-leaves often compound
with 3 to 7 leaflets
-carpels usually numerous,
borne on an elongate
receptacle
-fruit a drupelet, forming an
aggregate fruit (blackberries
and raspberries)
Rosaceae: Prunus
-trees or shrubs
-bark with prominent
horizontal lenticels
-ovary superior
-carpel solitary
-fruit a drupe,
endocarp stony
Rosaceae: Malus
-trees with simple leaves
-ovary inferior, with
5 carpels
-mature carpels papery
or softly leathery
-fruit a pome, lacks stone cells
Eurosids I:
Rosales: Ulmaceae
(The Elm Family)
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Widely distributed; maximal diversity in temperate
regions of N. Hemisphere
Trees with alternate, 2-ranked leaves
Diversity: 40 species in 6 genera
Flowers: Small, inconspicuous; tepals 4-9; stamens
4-9; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a
samara or nutlet, seeds flat
Significant features: Leaves simple with pinnate
venation, margins simply or doubly serrate, blade
base asymmetrical; endosperm of a single layer
Special uses: Elms provide lumber; some trees
used as ornamentals
Required taxa: Ulmus
Eurosids I:
Rosales: Moraceae
(The Fig Family)
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Widespread, from tropical to temperate regions
Trees, shrubs, or vines (sometimes herbs)
Diversity: 1,500 species in 53 genera
Flowers: Unisexual, inconspicuous; tepals 0-4 or 5
(-8); carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary;
inflorescences cymose, highly modified, compact,
receptacle expanded; fruit is a drupe, often in a
multiple fruit structure (syconium).
Significant features: laticifers/latex throughout the
plant
Special uses: figs (Ficus), mulberries (Morus),
breadfruit (Artocarpus), ornamentals, e.g. osage
orange (Maclura)
Required taxa: Ficus
Moraceae
Dorstenia
Ficus carica – Cultivated Fig
Artocarpus
Morus rubra - Mulberry
Maclura pomifera
Osage orange
Moraceae: Ficus
-shrubs or trees
-connate stipules enclosing
the terminal buds
-leaves with entire margins
-flowers minute, borne
inside the syconium
-wasp-pollinated
Moraceae – The Fig and The Fig Wasp
Cannabaceae:
The Hemp/Hop
Family
• Related to the Elm (Ulmaceae),
Mulberry (Moraceae) and Stinging
Nettle (Urticaceae) families.
• Wind-pollinated.
• Family with 2 genera:
Cannabis – 1 (2) species.
C. sativa [hemp; marijuana]
Humulus – 2 (3) species
H. japonicus – Japanese hop
H. lupulus – brewing hop