Transcript Slide 1

http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html
REACTIONS of
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
8-2
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
REMEMBER BIO 1
http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm
Atoms are
the basic unit of MATTER:
A NUCLEUS contains
______________
PROTONS (+)
______________
NEUTRONS
______________
ELECTRONS
(-)
orbit nucleus in
ENERGY LEVELS
Atoms differ in numbers of
protons, neutrons, & electrons
Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2004/lect02.htm
Atoms that have
gained or lost
electrons have an
electric charge and
are called
IONS
__________
They are written
with a + or –
next to their
symbol
Na
+
Cl
Atoms/ions important for
living things
Carbon - C
1.____________
2.____________
Oxygen - O
Hydrogen - H
3.____________
Nitrogen - N
4.____________
Sulfur - S
5.____________
Phosphorus - P
6.____________
ATOMS CAN JOIN TOGETHER
TO MAKE MOLECULES
Ex:
Joining 2 HYDROGEN
atoms with 1 OXYGEN atom
makes ________
WATER
A chemical formula tells what kind of
molecules and how many are in a molecule
H2O
EX: ________
Image by: Riedell
________________
SYNTHESIS
= kind of
chemical reaction in which molecules
are produced by joining smaller
molecules together
2 H2 + O2
Hydrogen molecule
→
2 H20
oxygen molecule
2 water molecules
An chemical equation tells what happens in
a chemical reaction when molecules
interact.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H20
reactants
→
______________
Molecules that react
http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif
_______________
products
Molecules that are
produced
Chemical reactions need help
to get started
EX: A fire needs a match to get it started.
IT’S LIKE PUSHING A
SNOWBALL UP A HILL . . .
Once you get it up there,
it can roll down by itself
http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg
http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SBI3C/Cells/Protein-Structure03.jpg
In living systems
___________
PROTEINS called
__________
ENZYMES help
chemical reactions
happen.
SEE ANIMATION
of AMYLASE
Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm
PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES
ENZYMES fit together with
SUBSTRATES (reactants) like a
_____________
lock and key to form an
____________________________.
ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
PRODUCTS
__________are
released
and enzyme is free to
help again
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif
See a video about ENZYME REACTIONS 2D
-ASE
Many enzyme NAMES end in _____
and the beginning of the name tells
what it does
DNA Polymerase= “polymerizes”
joins monomers to make DNA
Protease=
breaks down proteins
ATP synthase= synthesizes ATP
Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS
began centuries ago with this
simple question:
When a tiny seed grows into a
huge plant, where does all the
“new plant” come from?
http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
In 1643a Belgian physician
Jan van Helmont
___________________
determined
the mass of a pot of dry soil
and a small seedling.
Then he planted the seedling in the pot and watered
had
it regularly. At the end of 5 years the seedling
_____________
gained
__________about
75 kg, but the mass of the
_________
was almost ________________.
soil
unchanged
He decided the “increase in plant” had to come from
the ________…
WATER that was the only thing he had added!
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
Van Helmont didn’t realize
the major contribution to
the mass of his tree
was something he
couldn’t see…
carbon dioxide
__________________
from the air.
water
carbon dioxide
Plants use _______
and ______
Carbohydrates
to make ___________________
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1771- An English minister,
Joseph Priestley
_________________________,
discovered that a flame burning
in a closed jar would die out.
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_7.html
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_8.html
live plant in the
If he placed a __________
jar and allowed a few days to
pass, the candle could be lit again.
The plant produced something
“required for burning” that the candle used up
OXYGEN
We now know it was …____________
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1779Jan Ingenhousz
Dutch scientist ________________________
showed Priestley’s plant experiment only
worked if the plant was exposed to
light
_________________
!
http://www.rgg.og.schule-bw.de/Dokus/d-faech/Biologie/Klasse%208/Bilder/Fotosynthese/Ingenhousz-Netz.JPG
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
http://www.bookrags.com/Melvin_Calvin
1961- American chemist
Melvin Calvin
________________________
received the Nobel prize for
figuring out the
pathway
chemical _______________
used by plants to make sugar
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/Calvincycle.html
THE BIG PICTURE
These experiments led to work by later
scientists who finally discovered that in the
presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water
into carbohydrates and release oxygen.
Carbon
WATER
_____________
+
____________
dioxide
6 CO2 + ____________
6 H 2O
_____________
Sugars
Oxygen
_______________ + ____________
→
C6H12O6 + ____________
6 O2
_______________
In addition to water and carbon dioxide,
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm
chlorophyll
__________________
and
light energy
__________________
are needed for photosynthesis
to happen.
____________________
Photosynthesis involves a
complex series of chemical reactions, in
which the product of one reaction is
_____________
consumed by the next reaction.
Reaction 1 → Product → Reaction 2 → Product
Y
X
A series of reactions linked in this way is
biochemical pathway
referred to as a __________________________
See a video about PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8B
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light &
Water
Light-Dependent
Reaction
oxygen
ATP
NADPH
Carbon
Dioxide
Light-Independent
Reactions
Calvin Cycle
(CH2O)n
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products
LIGHT ENERGY
6CO2 + 6H2O
SUGAR + 6O2
http://son.nasa.gov/tass/images/cont_emspec2.jpg
http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html
Visible light is made up of many different
_______________of light
wavelengths
Your eyes “see”
different sizes of
waves as different
___________
colors
http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg
Myth:
Many people think that plants are
green because they absorb and use
green light in photosynthesis,
BUT . . . .
Image from: http://oogletutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/photoshop-lesson-green-leaf-design26.gif
BUT… We “see” reflected light
REFLECTED
Light wavelengths that are ___________
off of objects bounce back to our eyes .
COLOR
That is the ___________
we “see”
Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html
This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in
this cover _______________
of the
absorbs ALL
except
wavelengths of light _________
blue.
BLUE light is
_______
____________
reflected to your eyes and it
looks BLUE
http://www.michaelhyatt.com/fromwhereisit/bluebook.jpg
The dye in this T shirt absorbs all of the
except red
colors __________________________
Red wavelengths are
_________________
to
reflected
your eyes and the
shirt looks RED
http://jacksbear.com/shop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=9
GO CATS!
Objects “look BLACK” because black
dye ________________
absorbs ALLof the
wavelengths of light.
When wavelengths are absorbed so is
ENERGY
the_____________
of the wave.
That is why wearing a black
T-shirt in the summer feels
warmer than wearing
a white t-shirt.
http://www.eventsonline.ca/events/vowsa/black_shirt.jpg
http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif
The dye in white objects
_____________
REFLECTS ALL
of the wavelengths of light.
_______
LITTLE energy is ABSORBED
so wearing white
clothing is “cooler”.
http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif
http://www.12stitch.com/shop/images/options/Blank-White-Shirt.jpg
Which wavelengths of light are these
Flowers REFLECTING?
Purple & yellow
Images by: VanderWal
yellow
Which wavelengths of light do
these LEAVES reflect?
green
So green leaves
____________
the
REFLECT
green wavelength
of light.
Image by: VanderWal
Plants gather the sun’s energy
with light absorbing molecules
pigments
called ___________.
By: VanderWal
http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg
The main energy
absorbing molecule
in green plants is
CHLOROPHYLL
___________________
CAROTENOIDS
_________________
are plant pigments too.
(These look yellow,
orange, and red)
http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg
GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll
AND carotenoids
ALL THE TIME
__________________
but the huge amount of chlorophyll
______
hides
the other colors and
leaves usually
look green
FALL chlorophyll production
In ______,
slows as the trees shut down and
photosynthesis stops for winter.
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/ecology_notes_bi.htm
Then we can see the
carotinoid colors that are
HIDDEN by chlorophyll
usually _______
http://www.litzsinger.org/weblog/archives/email%20AutumnTrees5%20LREC%20102605.jpg
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
There are two types of chlorophyll
Chlorophyll a
__________________
& ___________________
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
absorbs the
violet
_____
red & ________
wavelengths best.
Chlorophyll a
red It absorbs very
Blue light.
little ______
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
There are two types of chlorophyll
Chlorophyll a
__________________
& ___________________
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
absorbs some
______light
and
red
even more
_________
Blue-violet light.
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
red
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
red
NEITHER KIND OF
CHLOROPHYLL IS
VERY GOOD AT
ABSORBING
GREEN LIGHT!
_________
http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg
That’s why leaves LOOK
GREEN…..
Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb….
it ___________
REFLECTS GREEN light!
That’s why plant have other pigments
ABSORB
(like carotenoids). They help _________
some wavelengths chlorophyll DOESN’T
_______;
USE MORE of the
so the plant can __________
sun’s energy.
http://members.aol.com/diaspore/vhouse/biology/projects/photosynthesis/woida/meaning_of_light.html#question_1
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
SO WHAT WAVELENGTHS ARE
BEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
THE ONES
CHLOROPHYLL
ABSORBS
THE BEST
red
________
and
_______________
Blue-violet
Pearson Education Inc, Pusblishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
Because light is a
form of ___________,
ENERGY
any molecule that
absorbs light also
ABSORBS
___________the
energy from the light.
ENERGY & ELECTRONS
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif
When chlorophyll
absorbs light, the
energy is transferred
to electrons in the
chlorophyll molecule.
ELECTRONS
HIGH ENERGY ____________
make photosynthesis work!
http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif