Transcript fad diets - eLisa UGM

FAD DIETS
Tony Arjuna
According to a recent survey…
• 26 percent of women and 19 percent of men
in the United States said they were on a diet.
• 60 percent of U.S. adults say "they would like
to lose 20 pounds"
http://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/diet.fitness/01/10/diets.survey.reut/index.html
% Global prevalence of adult obesity (BMI
≥ 30 kg/m²): country rankings 2012
• Ranking based on Females
• Indonesia (2000/1)  Ranked 118
– Males : 1.3 %
– Females: 4.5 %
If so many want to lose weight
and need to…
Why are we failing
to do so?
Set Point Theory
• Set Point is a particular weight range your
body fights to maintain
• Contributing Factors:
– Heredity, Age, Health, and Activity Level
• Your body defends this set point by altering:
– Metabolism, Efficiency in burning calories, and
Intensity of hunger
Set Point
• Increases with:
–
–
–
–
–
Age
Chronic Dieting
Chronic Overeating
Long-term Depression
Maintaining a weight above set-point
• Decreases with:
– Exercise
– Nicotine
– Some drugs
The Weight Cycling Effect of Repeated
Dieting
“Each round of
dieting is
followed by a
rebound of
weight to a
higher level
than before.”
Understanding Nutrition, 8th
ed.
Pg 262
Reality Check
• There are no good or bad foods  All foods can fit into a
healthy diet
• There are good and bad diets.
– Some diets are a healthy way to lose weight.
– Some are definitely not healthy.
• Any eating or exercise pattern that causes you to eat
fewer calories than you burn will lead to weight loss.
• Some diets lead to a rapid weight loss that is quickly
regained when normal eating resumes.
• Others may cause you to miss out on essential nutrients.
Recommendations for Healthy Weight
Loss
• No more than1 to 2 pounds a week
• “Rapid weight loss may cause serious health problems.”
– Nausea, headaches, and dizziness
– Death
• “Rapid weight loss is a loss of more than 1 ½ to 2 pounds
per week or weight loss of more than 1 percent of body
weight per week after the second week of participation in a
weight-loss program”
• It is important to consult a physician prior to beginning any
weight-loss program.
Understanding Nutrition, 8th ed. Pg 261
What is a Fad Diet?
• A weight loss plan that quickly gains popularity
and may become unpopular just as quick
• Any weight loss program or aid that promises to
produce dramatic weight loss in a very short
amount of time.
• A fad diet is a weight loss plan or aid that
promises dramatic results. These diets don't offer
long-term success, and they are usually not very
healthy.
American Academy of Family Physicians
FAD DIETS:
“Anyone who wants to believe in
them is forced to wonder how the
thousands of scientists working on
obesity research over the past
century could possibly have missed
such obvious connections.”
Understanding Nutrition, 8th
ed. Pg 251
Dr. Atkin’s
New Diet
Revolution
Protein
Power
The
Cabbage
Soup Diet
Enter the Zone
Sugar
Busters!
The
Anti-Aging
Zone
THE BLOOD
TYPE DIET
ATKINS’ DIET
Atkins Diet–
“Carbohydrates are bad…”
Picture from: http://www.faddiet.com/atkinsdiet.html
Atkins’ Diet Timeline
• 1972: “Dr. Atkins’ Diet Revolution”
• 1992: “Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution”
What’s the difference?
Diet
Current Diet
Recommendations
Dr. Atkins’ New
Diet Revolution
% Carbohydrate
% Protein
% Fat
55 or more
15
30 or
less
10
30
60
Calories
500-1,000 below
usual daily intake
1,500 per day
What’s the appeal?
• Turns current diet recommendations upside
down
• Eat as much fat, meat, and dairy as you like
• Ignore fruits, vegetables, and grains
• “Steaks without the potatoes, ribs without the
coleslaw, and meatballs without the pasta.”
Understanding Nutrition, 8th ed. Pg 251
Why does it work?
• Weight loss results because of a reduction in
calorie intake
• Protein is the most satiating…people feel
more full… they eat less (it’s the calories)
• Provides a guide… eliminating decision making
What are the risks?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nausea
Fatigue
Constipation
Low blood pressure
Elevated uric acid
Stale foul taste in the mouth
Understanding Nutrition, 8th ed. Pg 252
What are the risks?
• Shift from lean body mass to fat
• High protein usually means high fat! Diets
high in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol are
risk factors for heart disease and
atherosclerosis
• Without fruits, vegetables, and grains the diet
lacks fiber, vitamins and minerals.
Understanding Nutrition, 8th ed. Pg 252
Cabbage Soup Diet
• Claims that patients can lose as much as 20# in 7
days by eating only an onion based soup mix and a
cabbage based soup
• Plan consists of less than 1000 calories per day and
this allows rapid wt loss to occur
• The book stresses that this diet should only be used
for a few days
Pros and Cons
• Pro: rapid wt loss
• Cons:
– extreme approach
– temporary results—usually water wt
– nausea, headache, gas, hypertension (high salt)
Long-Term Success
• Maintenance of wt loss is impossible
• Lifestyle changes of healthy diet and exercise
are not stressed
Grapefruit Diet
• One of the most popular word-of-mouth wt loss plans
• Claim that grapefruit is believed to have a fat-burning
enzyme and thus the plan specifies that grapefruit be
eaten at each meal
• Most of the meals also allow some protein ,veggies,
coffee, or tea
• Calories add up to about 800/day and lead to rapid wt
loss
Pros and Cons
• Pros: grapefruit has lots of Vitamin C and fiber
• Cons: any diet that restricts dieters to eating
only certain foods is likely to eliminate vital
nutrients and vitamins and has too few
calories to be safe
• Long-term Success: Weight gain inevitable
The Detox Plan
• The theory: You'll lose weight when you clean
out your insides by downing a concoction
made from orange juice and molasses or some
other bizarre mix.
• Reality check: There's no evidence that
purging your intestines of "toxins" makes you
any healthier or more likely to lose weight. A
high-fiber diet is all you really need.
The Fat-Free Diet
• The theory: Eat whatever you want as long as it has
no fat. If your diet contains no fat, you won't get fat.
• Reality check:
– While it's true that extra fat in your diet adds calories,
just sticking to foods touted as fat free doesn't
necessarily help.
– Supermarket shelves are crammed with products
advertised as fat free that are loaded with sugar and
empty calories and that offer little in the way of fiber,
vitamins or minerals.
• Fat Doesn’t make us Fat!
BLOOD TYPE DIET
BLOOD TYPE DIET
• Blood type O should eat low-carbohydrate, high
in proteins (such as meat and fish), and low in
dairy products. Specific foods to avoid: avocados,
brazil nuts, and oranges.
• Blood Type A should avoid red meat, eat plenty
of fish and vegetables, with a low dairy intake.
Light exercise only.
• Blood Type B should avoid chicken and bacon,
eat plenty of meat and dairy, some fish, and
plenty of fruit and vegetables.
• Blood Type AB combines the A and B diets.
The Fact
• Dr. D’Adamo isn’t a medical doctor.
• Metabolism and/or sugar/insulin sensitivity are probably
key factors in deciding diet  not blood type.
• Two people can have very different metabolisms and have
the same blood type  One could be sensitive to
carbohydrates or sugar, whilst the other needs a high
carbohydrate diet.
• Supplements are promoted heavily.
• Many healthy and nutritious foods are banned for certain
types.
• Many people are healthy eating all foods despite their
blood type.
New BLOOD TYPE DIET
Type O: Exercise a lot.
Type A: Don't eat so much.
Type B: Exercise more, eat less.
Type AB: Eat less, exercise more.
The Bottom Line
• Weight loss requires three steps:
1. Eat less
2. Exercise more
3. Repeat
If fad diets don't work,
why are they so
popular?
Characteristics of Fad Diets
 Sounds too good to be true.
 Promises weight loss without exercise.
 Promises weight loss of more than 1-2 pounds per
week.
 Discourages drinking water.
 Food or food groups are excluded or consumed
excessively.
 Lists good and bad foods.
 Uses terms like “fat burner” or “boost metabolism.”
Characteristics of Fad Diets
 Includes no warnings related to possible medical
problems.
 Requires purchase of pills, bars, shakes, foods.
 Claims specific food combinations have weight
loss powers.
 Uses testimonials or case studies to show results
 Misrepresent salespeople as “counselors”
supposedly qualified to give guidance in nutrition
and or general health.
 Fail to provide for weight maintenance after the
program ends.
THANK YOU