Transcript Plant Taxonomy (Systematics)

Plant Taxonomy (Systematics)
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Naming
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Classifying
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Identifying
Plant Systematics
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Naming
– give an organism a precise scientific name
– Homo sapiens L.
– ICZN, ICBN, ICMN
Plant Systematics
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Classifying
– organize into groups
– Primata
• Hominidae
– Homo sapiens
Plant Systematics
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Identifying
– finding the name
of an organism
that has already
been named and
classified
Dichotomous Keys
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A series of paired choices that leads to
the correct name of an organism
Collecting, Preparing and
Preserving Plants
Collecting, Preparing and
Preserving Plants
Polynomial Nomenclature
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Ranunculus calycibus, retroflexus,
pedulculis falcatis, caule erecto, folis
comopositis
Polynomial Nomenclature
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Ranunculus calycibus, retroflexus, pedulculis
falcatis, caule erecto, folis comopositis
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“The buttercup with bent-back sepals, curved
flower stalks, erect stems and compound
leaves”
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descriptive, precise
Binomial Nomenclature
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- Began 1753, Species Plantarum
– Carolus Linnaeus 18thC Sweden
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Ranunculus calycibus
Genus species
Binomial Nomenclature
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- Began 1753, Species Plantarum
– Carolus linnaeus 18thC Sweden
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Genus species
same species name
– Cercis canadensis L.
– Solidago canadensis L.
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Authority
Rules: International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
– ICZN, ICMN
ICBN Rules
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Genus treated a noun; species as adjective
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suffixes usually agree in gender
Male
female
us
a
is
is
er
ris
o
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Lactuca hirsut_
Lathyrus hirsut_
Vaccinium hirsut_
neuter
um
re
Binomials
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Often describe some feature
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Incorporate the name of a person or
place
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perpetuate a classical name
Binomials
– Quercus alba “white oak”
– Quercus macrocarpa “burr oak”
– All tree genera are treated as female!
– Veronica noveboracensis (L.) Michx.
• CHANGE OF CLASSIFICATION
Linnaeus’ Kingdoms
Plants
Aristotle
Animals
Aristotle
Kingdoms
Plants
Animals
Aristotle Gr 4thC BC
Protista
E. Haeckel Ger 19thC
Archebacteria
(Archaea)
th
C. Woese USA 20 C
Aristotle Gr
Fungi
R H Whitaker USA 20thC
Eubacteria
(Bacteria)
C. Woese USA 20th C
Domains
Species
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A distinct types of organism capable of
breeding with other members of its own
kind - but not with other species….
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Basic category in biological
nomenclature
Varieties (subspecies)
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Sargent
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Quercus alba L. var. alba
Quercus alba L. var. latiloba Sarg.
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If Q. latiloba was a new species?
– Quercus latiloba Sarg.
hybridization
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Q. velutina X Q. rubra X Q. palustris
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Echinacea pallida
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Echinacea paradoxa
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Echinacea pallida X paradoxa
Relationship between Genus and Species
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Genus - a group of related species
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Quercus (oaks)
– rubra
– velutina
– alba
Carya (hickories)
- ovata
- cordiformes
Related
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1. Have similar characteristics (may
hybridize)
2. Have a common ancestor back in
evolutionary time
velutina rubra
alba
Related
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1. Have similar characteristics (may
hybridize)
2. Have a common ancestor back in
evolutionary time
ovata cordiformes
Evolution (implied by classification)
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Organisms that are
placed in the same
genus are believed
to be more closely
related than
organisms from
other genera.
Phylogenetic Hierarchy
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Kingdom
– Division (Phylum)
• Class
– Order
» Family
» Genus
»
species
Natural System
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Our present system attempts to group
organisms in accordance with natural
(evolutionary) relationships.
– Homology
Natural System
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Our present system attempts to group
organisms in accordance with natural
(evolutionary) relationships.
– Homology
• internal structures, embryology, DNA, proteins
– Analogy
• based on superficial characteristics
• outward form and function
Standard Endings (ICBN)
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Division: phyta
Class: opsida
Order: ales
family: aceae
Genus:
species:
Taxa
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Division: Anthophyta Coniferophyta Pterophyta
“flowering
“pines,spruces, “ferns”
plants”
firs”
» Magnoliopsida
» Liliopsida
Classes of Flowering Plants
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Magnoliopsida
– dicots - 2 embryonic
leaves
– taproot
– branching leaf veins
– flower parts:2s, 4s,
5s
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Liliopsida
– monocots - 1
embryonic leaf
– adventitious roots,
branching
– parallel leaf veins
– flower parts: 3s
Classification of Burr Oak:
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Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Anthophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fagales
family: Fagaceae
Genus: Quercus
species: macrocarpa
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binomial: Quercus macrocarpa
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