Transcript Diversity of Organisms and Classification

Diversity of Organisms and
Classification
Classification of Organisms
Kingdom
Phylum / Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species…var.or cul.
Species
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The smallest group of organisms
classified which can interbreed with
each other to produce fertile offspring; it
is always written w/ a small letter.
An example of man’s classification on
the Genus level is Homo sapiens where
the Genus name is always capitalized.
Underline if handwritten. (Linneus?)
Six Kingdom System (was five; now six)
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Bacteria (Monerans)= 1. Eubacteria
Protists( Protista)
2. Archaebacteria
Fungi
Plants(Plantae)
Animals(Animalia)
Bacteria Kingdom
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Unicellular,
microscopic
No nucleus
– Prokaryotic
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Most have no
chlorophyll
– Saprophytic or
parasitic
– Some chemosynthetic
& some photosynthetic
– Examples?
– Most are helpful, not
harmful in the world
Protist Kingdom, Protozoans,
Sporozoans, & Algae
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Most Unicellular; most microscopic
Nucleus present (ODD group=micro. &
– Eukaryotic
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kelp 2-300 ft. long)
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
EX?
Algae
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Aquatic
May be unicellular or
multicellular
No root, stem or leaf
Contain photosynthetic
pigments (e.g.
chlorophyll) for
photosynthesis
Protozoans & Sporozoans
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Includes Amoeba (pseudopodia),
Flagellates(African sleeping sickness &
help termites to digest wood), Ciliates
like Paramecia, Parasitic sporozoans
(must have host to stay alive, malaria
with Plasmodium; has a vector with
carries it = the Anophles mosquito)
Fungus Kingdom
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Eukaryotic
Made up of hyphae
(sexual by + & - )
No root, no stem
and no leaf
No chlorophyll
– Saprophytic or
parasitic(EX?)
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Reproduce by
spores=asexual
Animal Kingdom
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Eukaryotic
Divided into two groups according to the
presence or absence of backbone:
– Invertebrates : without backbone
– Vertebrates : with backbone
– EX? (we will explore all later in this
presentation.)
Phylum Porifera
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Only two layers of
cells
Simplest animal
Pore-bearers &
filter feeders
Variety of shapes,
colors, and sizes
asymmetrical
Invertebrate
Coelenterates; now called Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
•2 layers of cells
•Have tentacles with
stinging cells
•One opening (same
way in; same way
out) (EX?)
•These are the least
complex of all
animals that move
•Radially
symmetrical
Phylum Platyhelminthes, Flatworms
•Long and flattened body
•Free living or parasitic
•EX? Same way in; same way out, but
do have flame cells for liquid wastes
•Cilia, regeneration, asexual & sexual,
bilateral sym., acoelomate body(3 layers
of cells but no body cavities)
Phylum Nematoda, Roundwoms
•Long, cylindrical and nonsegmented body
•Bilateral symmetry, true one way digestive
tract (one way in; another way out!!! Yeh!)
•EX? Pseudocoelomates (fluid filled cavity with
3 layers cells), some parasitic, some freeliving
•COOK food, especially meats, done! Trichinella,
schizomyasis, nematodes in plants roots, etc.
Phylum Mollusca, Mollusks
•Soft and unsegmented body
•Most covered by a hard shell
•Radula or beak to eat, muscular
foot, systems, gills, EX?
•Gastropods, Bivalves, Cephalopopods; Over 10,000 species
Phylum Annelida, segmented worms
•Long and segmented body, coelomates with
segments which allow for organ & organ systems
•Have setae for locomotion (bristles), EX?
•Bilateral symmetry, parasitic & freeliving,
gizzard, crop, circulatory, nervous, nephridia, etc.
Phylum Arthropoda, jointed-feet
or legs (appendages)
• Segmented body, shell made of chitin
• Have a hard exoskeleton and several pairs
of jointed legs, molt, 2 or (cephalothorax,
abdomen, etc.)3 parts, gills or tracheal tubes,
book lungs, spiracles, pheromones,compound
& simple eyes, mandibles,parthenogenesis,
incomplete or complete metamorphosis, 2 out
or every 3 animals on earth!
Divided into 4 classes, EX?
1.
Crustaceans
2. Arachnids
3.
Myriapods
4.
Insects
Crustaceans
Arachnids
Myriapods
Insects
Over 1 million species of insects!
Phylum Echinodermata, spinyskinned animals
•Marine animals with (5)radial body symmetry
•Have external spines, regeneration (asexual), tube feet
(water vascular system), some turn stomach inside out,
endoskeleton, have eye spots on ends of arms, some
poisonous, external fertilization in the water, EX?
Vertebrates
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Divided into 5 groups: All chordates have notochord,
dorsal hollow nerve cord, “gill slits”,& muscle blocks,
EX?
– Fish (cartilaginous & boney fishes, need
water to live)
– Amphibians (must have water to reproduce)
– Reptiles (have scales & leathery egg for land)
– Birds (have feathers & eggs & hollow bones)
– Mammals (have hair, mammary glands, different types of
teeth, modified limbs, can learn with an advanced brain,
many placental, some marsupial, few monotremes)
Fish (cartilaginous or boney)
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Aquatic; lateral line
Coldblooded(exothermic)
Body covered with
wet and slimy scales
Streamline body for
easy movement
through water; EX?
Fins for balance and
to control movement
Gills for breathing
External fertilization
Amphibians
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Coldblooded(exothermic)
Moist, scaleless skin,
breathe through skin
Limbs present
– Tetrapods ; EX?
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Larvae (tadpoles=
metamorphosis) use
gills for breathing;
adults use lungs
External fertilization
Reptiles
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Coldblooded-exothermic
Body covered with dry,
hard scales
Live on land; some
parthenogenesis
Breathe with lungs
Internal fertilization; lay
leathery eggs
Some sex determined
by temperature
EX?
Birds
Warm-blooded
(Endothermic)
 With feathers and
wings; hollow bones
 Beak for feeding
 Lungs for breathing
 Internal fertilization;
lay shelled eggs
 Many make nests;
maternal instinct; EX?
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Mammals
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Warm-blooded
(Endothermic)
Hairs on skin; brain
advanced; maternal
Females have
mammary glands for
producing milk
Lungs for breathing
Diaphragm present
Internal fertilization;
embryos develop
inside mothers’ bodies
Plant Kingdom
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Eukaryotic
Most plants contains photosynthetic pigments
(e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis
– Autotrophic
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Can be divided into two groups:
Nonseed (spores = EX?) or Seed producing
Seed producing are of two types:
– Nonflowering plants (EX?) seeds in cones
– Flowering plants (EX?) two classes:
Monocots (monocotyledons) & Dicots
(dicotyledons)
Non-Seed plants, nonvascular &
vascular
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7 groups:
– Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses (all nonvascular)
– Whisk Ferns, Club mosses, Horsetails, Ferns (All
vascular)
Mosses
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With simple leaves and stems
No root; with rhizoids for anchorage and
absorption of water
Reproduce by spores
some vascular
Found in damp area
Ferns
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With true roots,
stems, leaves and
vascular tissues
Reproduce by
spores
Live in damp
places
Seed Producing Plants,
Gymnosperms (Conifers) &
Angiosperms (Anthophytes)
Conifers (nonflowering plants) bear
cones with seeds; pines, fir, cypress,
cedar, redwoods; they have scalelike or
needlelike leaves; they are evergreen.
 Anthophytes (the flowering plants),
largest most diverse group of plants,
~300,000 species on earth, Two types:
monocots & dicots
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Gymnosperms
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Reproduction by
producing seeds
– Seeds develop in
cones, not enclosed
by fruits
 naked seeds
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Needle-shaped
leaves to reduce
water loss
EX?
Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
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With flowers for
reproduction
Seeds are produced
inside the fruit
(matured ovary)
Some have female &
male parts separate
plants; some have in
same flower
EX?
Two groups of flowering plants:
Give examples of each?
Dicotyledons
Cotyledons
Two seedleaves
Monocotyledons
One seedleaf
Leaf venation Netted
Parallel
Root system
Fibrous root
system
Tap root system