Transcript Chapter 17
Chapter 21
Lecture Outline
Flowering Plants
and Civilization
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Outline
Origin of Cultivated Plants
Selected Families of Flowering Plants
Dicots
Monocots
–
The Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
–
The Grass Family (Poaceae)
–
The Laurel Family (Lauraceae)
–
The Lily Family (Liliaceae)
–
The Poppy Family (Papaveraceae)
–
The Orchid Family (Orchidaceae)
–
The Mustard Family (Brassicaceae)
–
The Rose Family (Rosaceae)
–
The Legume Family (Fabaceae)
–
The Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae)
–
The Cactus Family (Cactaceae)
–
The Mint Family (Lamiaceae)
–
The Nightshade Family (Solanaceae)
–
The Carrot Family (Apiaceae)
–
The Pumpkin Family (Cucurbitaceae)
–
The Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Origin of Cultivated Plants
1880’s - Alphonse de Candolle, Origin of
Cultivated Plants
•
Cultivated plants originated in areas where wild relatives
grow.
1916 - N. I. Vavilov
•
Plants were domesticated in geographic regions with high
genetic diversity of wild relatives.
•
Majority of domesticated plants originated from mountain
regions.
1950’s - Jack Harlan and students
•
Associated crop origins with regions
Origin of Cultivated Plants
Cultivated plants appear to have originated in
six major regions:
•
Near-eastern region - Mediterranean, northern
Europe
–
•
Chinese region - Temperate and southern China
–
•
Barley, wheat, peas, lentils, asparagus, beets, carrots,
turnips, olives, cherries, plums, apricots, apples, onions,
garlic, broccoli, lettuce, flax, pistachios
Bamboo, peach, walnut, ginger, gourds, camphor, tea,
soybean, buckwheat, horseradish, cucumber
African continent - Mostly Ethiopia and West Africa
–
Yams, sorghum, okra, sweet melons, coffee, some cotton
Origin of Cultivated Plants
Cultivated plants appear to have originated in
six major regions:
•
South Asia and Pacific Islands
–
•
North America
–
•
Sugar cane, eggplant, mango, banana, citrus, safflower,
nutmeg, clove, cardamon, turmeric, black pepper,
coconut, taro, rice, sesame, onion
Sunflower, cranberry, blueberry, tobacco
South and Central America
–
Garden beans, corn, peanut, white potato, lima beans,
cashew, pineapple, avocado, red pepper, tomato, cotton,
cocaine, cacao (chocolate), sweet potato, pumpkin,
squash, rubber, vanilla, cassava
Selected Families of Flowering Plants
Dicots (now recognized in
two groups)
•
The buttercup family
(Ranunculaceae)
–
Nearly all 1,500 species are
herbaceous.
–
Petals vary in number.
–
Numerous stamens
–
Several to many pistils with
superior ovaries
–
Concentrated in north temperate and arctic regions
–
Most at least slightly poisonous.
Buttercup
Dicots – The Buttercup Family
Columbine
Hepatica
• Five spurred petals
Monkshood or wolfsbane
• Yields aconite - Drug once used to treat rheumatism and neuralgia.
• Very poisonous
• Wolf hunters used juice from roots to poison wolves.
Dicots – The Laurel Family (Lauraceae)
About 1,000 species of tropical evergreen shrubs and trees
No petals, but sepals sometimes petal-like.
Stamens in three or four whorls.
•
Anthers open by flaps that lift up.
Cinnamon - Pulverized
bark of small tree
Cassia
Camphor - Cold
remedies, insecticides
Sassafras trees - Native
to eastern U.S.
Sweet bay - Flavoring in
meat dishes
Avocado
California bay
Dicots – The Poppy Family (Papaveraceae)
Herbs of temperate and
subtropical regions
Numerous stamens, but
single pistil
Milky or colored sap
All species produce
alkaloidal drugs.
Opium poppies
•
•
•
•
Opium - White fluid from
capsules
Morphine and codeine
– Heroin
Papaverine and noscapine
Poppy seeds
Prickly
poppy flower
Dicots – The Mustard Family (Brassicaceae)
Nearly all 2,500 species in
temperate and cooler regions of
North America.
Four flower petals arranged in a
cross.
Six stamen: 2 short, 4 long
Fruits = siliques or silicles
All produce pungent watery juice.
Many cultivated edible plants:
•
•
Cauliflower, brussels sprouts,
broccoli, radish, turnip, horseradish,
watercress, rutabaga
Mustard - Ground seeds of two
species of Brassica
Shepherd’s purse
Dicots – The Rose Family (Rosaceae)
More than 3,000 species of trees, shrubs and herbs
Flowers have basal parts fused into cup, with petals,
sepals and numerous stamens attached to cup’s rim.
Family subdivided into subfamilies on basis of flower
structure and fruits.
Dicots – The Rose Family (Rosaceae)
Enormous economic impact:
•
Stone fruits: cherries, apricots, peaches, plums
•
Pome fruits: apples, pears
•
Aggregate fruits: strawberries, blackberries, raspberries
•
Garden ornamentals - Roses
•
Fragrances
•
Fruits of roses = hips - Vitamin C
Raspberry
Rose hips
Dicots – The Legume Family (Fabaceae)
Third largest of flowering plant families with 13,000
species
Cosmopolitan
Flowers radial to bilateral.
Stamens fused into tube around ovary.
Bilateral flower
showing stamen
tube
Inflorescence of radial flowers
Dicots – The Legume Family (Fabaceae)
Fruit is a legume.
Many important crop
plants:
•
Peas
•
Beans
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Soybeans
•
Peanuts
•
Alfalfa
•
Sweet clover
•
Licorice
•
Carob
Winged bean
Dicots – The Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae)
In tropical and temperate regions
Several economically important plants
•
•
Cassava - Staple food in tropical regions
Para rubber tree - Crude rubber from latex of inner bark
Stamens and pistils produced in separate flowers.
Flowers often inconspicuous and lack corolla.
Poinsettia
Dicots – The Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae)
Inflorescence = cyathium
•
Female flower elevated on stalk called gynophore and surrounded by
several male flowers that each consist of little more than an anther.
•
Male and female flowers inserted on a cup composed of fused bracts,
usually with glands on rim.
•
Sometimes surrounded by colored bracts (poinsettia)
Dicots – The Cactus Family (Cactaceae)
More than 1,500
species native
only to Americas
in dry,
subtropical
regions.
Leaves reduced
in size, often
spines.
Fleshy stems
Dicots – The Cactus Family (Cactaceae)
Flowers showy.
•
Numerous stamens,
petals and sepals
•
Inferior ovary
develops into berry.
Most have edible
fruit.
•
Prickly pear fruits
Dicots – The Mint Family (Lamiaceae)
3,000 species
Unique combination
of angular stems that
are square in cross
section, opposite
leaves, and bilaterally
symmetrical flowers
Ovary superior and
four-parted,
developing into four
nutlets.
Lamb’s ear mint
Dicots – The Mint Family (Lamiaceae)
Plants produce mint oils
•
Used medicinally and as
antiseptic in different parts
of the world.
•
Menthol used in
toothpaste, candies, gum,
liqueurs, and cigarettes.
•
Rosemary, thyme, sage,
oregano, marjoram, basil,
lavender, catnip,
peppermint, spearmint
Peppermint
Dicots – The Nightshade Family (Solanaceae)
3,000 species concentrated in tropics of Central and
South America.
Flowers have fused petals with stamens fused to corolla.
Superior ovary develops into berry or capsule.
Dicots – The Nightshade Family (Solanaceae)
Tomato, white potato, eggplant, peppers, tobacco, petunia
Many nightshades poisonous and some have drug uses.
•
Belladonna drug
complex:
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Atropine - Shock
treatment, pain
relief
–
Scopolamine Tranquilizer
•
Capsicum from red
pepper - Gastric
stimulant
•
Jimson weed Asthma
•
Tobacco
Tomato harvester
Dicots – The Carrot Family (Apiaceae)
Approximately 2,000 members widely distributed in
Northern Hemisphere.
Savory-aromatic herbs, with dissected leaves, and petiole
bases that form sheaths around stem
Flowers small, numerous and
arranged in umbels.
Inferior ovary and two-lobed
stigma
Dill, celery, carrot, parsley,
caraway, coriander, fennel,
anise, parsnip
Some members poisonous.
•
Water hemlock - Socrates believed
to have died from ingestion.
Water hemlock
Dicots – The Pumpkin Family (Cucurbitaceae)
700 species of
prostrate or climbing
herbaceous vines
Flowers unisexual with
fused petals.
Male
flower
Female flowers with
inferior ovary of three
carpels
Female flower with inferior ovary
Dicots – The Pumpkin Family (Cucurbitaceae)
Includes many
important edible plants
•
Many have been
cultivated for so long
they are unknown in a
wild state.
•
Pumpkins, squashes,
cucumbers,
cantaloupes, gourds
Dicots – The Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Second largest flowering plant family with
about 20,000 species
Dandelions, lettuce, endive, chicory,
artichoke, dahlia, chrysanthemum, marigold,
sunflower, thistle
Tarragon - Spice in meat and pickle
Dicots – The Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Individual
flowers =
florets
Florets
arranged in
compact
inflorescence
that
resembles a
single flower.
Selected Families of Flowering Plants
Monocots - The grass family (Poaceae)
•
Flowers windpollinated and
highly specialized.
•
Calyx and corolla
are tiny scales.
•
Flowers protected
in boat-shaped
bracts.
•
Stigmas exposed
and feathery.
•
Leaf bases sheath
stems.
Monocots – The Grass Family (Poaceae)
Contains nearly all cereals
•
Wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice,
corn
Sugar cane - Six meters tall
•
Juice squeezed from cane,
then centrifuged.
–
Solids crystallized into table
sugar.
–
Dark remnant = molasses
Baskets, fibers, thatching
for huts
Citronella Oil
Sugar cane
Monocots – The Lily Family (Liliaceae)
Approximately 4,550
members that occur
in almost any area
supporting
vegetation
Flowers often large
and their parts are in
multiples of three,
with sepals and
petals often
resembling each
other.
Monocots – The Lily Family (Liliaceae)
Lilies, daffodils,
asparagus, sarsaparilla,
Aloe, onions, garlic
Meadow saffron Source of colchicine
used to treat
rheumatism
Bowstring hemps
(sansevierias) - House
plants; long fibers for
string, rope, bowstrings
Sansevieria
Monocots – The Orchid Family (Orchidaceae)
Very large family with > 35,000 species,
especially abundant in tropics
Widely distributed with diverse habitats
Flowers exceptionally varied in size and form.
Many epiphytic on bark of trees.
Others aquatic or terrestrial and saprophytic.
Specific adaptations between orchid flowers and
pollinators are extraordinary and sometimes
bizarre.
Vanilla from vanilla orchid.
Monocots – The Orchid Family (Orchidaceae)
Three sepals and petals,
with one of petals (lip petal)
differing from other two
Stamens and pistil united in
single structure = column.
•
Anthers contain sacs of
pollen called pollinia.
Minute seeds produced in
prodigious numbers.
•
•
Each seed consists of only a
few cells.
Seed must become
associated with specific
mycorrhizal fungus to
germinate.
Review
Origin of Cultivated Plants
Selected Families of Flowering Plants
Dicots
Monocots
–
The Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
–
The Grass Family (Poaceae)
–
The Laurel Family (Lauraceae)
–
The Lily Family (Liliaceae)
–
The Poppy Family (Papaveraceae)
–
The Orchid Family (Orchidaceae)
–
The Mustard Family (Brassicaceae)
–
The Rose Family (Rosaceae)
–
The Legume Family (Fabaceae)
–
The Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae)
–
The Cactus Family (Cactaceae)
–
The Mint Family (Lamiaceae)
–
The Nightshade Family (Solanaceae)
–
The Carrot Family (Apiaceae)
–
The Pumpkin Family (Cucurbitaceae)
–
The Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)