Transcript FUNGI
FUNGI 22-1 Characteristics of Fungi 22-2 Fungal Diversity 22-3 Fungal Associations Fungi Kingdom Fungi are heterotrophic – the stalk and the cap of a mushroom are not green like the leaves of a plant; plants appear green because they contain chlorophyll; fungi do not contain chlorophyll; fungi obtain energy by absorbing organic molecules from their surroundings Fungi Kingdom • Fungi have filamentous bodies – the long slender filaments weave tightly together to form the fungus body and reproductive structures • A giant fungus of the species Armillaria ostoyae in the Malheur National Forest in Oregon was found to span 8.9 km² (2,200 acres), which would make it the largest organism by area. Fungi Kingdom • Fungal cells contain chitin – cells of all fungi have walls made of chitin (the tough material found in the exoskeleton of insects and other arthropods) Fungi Kingdom • Fungi have nuclear mitosis – in plants/animals the nuclear envelope disintegrates during mitosis; in mushrooms the nuclear membrane remains intact and mitosis is complete when the nuclear membrane pinches in two Fungi Structure • Hyphae – slender filaments that make up fungi bodies • Mycelium – tangled mass of hyphae Fungi are Heterotrophic • Fungi digest food outside their bodies • Hyphae tips secrete powerful digestive enzymes that break down organic matter Fungi are Decomposers • In their search of food, many fungi attack nonliving organic matter and decompose these materials. • Other fungi absorb nutrients from living hosts, which sometimes become weakened and succumb to infection or disease. Fungi Reproduction • Fungi reproduce by releasing spores. • Spores form in reproductive structures (basidia) at the tips of hyphae. • Reproductive structures (mushrooms) extend high above the food source so that air currents can carry the spores to a new habitat. • When a spore lands in a suitable place, it begins to divide and soon gives rise to a new fungal hypha. SPORES • Spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporophyte. • a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions. • A chief difference between spores and seeds as dispersal units is that spores have very little stored food resources compared with seeds. • Once conditions are favorable, the spore can develop into a new organism using mitotic division, producing a multicellular gametophyte. Phyla of Fungi • Zygomycota: black bread molds • Ascomycota: morels, truffles, yeasts, cup fungi • Basidiomycota: mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts • Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti - sexual reproduction has not been observed): Penicillium, athletes foot, ringworm, blue cheese mold Fungal Associations • Lichen – symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner in which the fungal partner protects the photosynthetic •Mycorrhizae – symbiotic association in which a fungus transfers minerals to a plant’s roots, which in turn supply carbohydrates to the fungus Fungi Quiz Label the parts of the mushroom Fungi Quiz • What substance makes up the cell walls of fungi? CHITIN Fungi Quiz • How do fungi obtain energy? FUNGI ARE HETEROTROPHIC DECOMPOSERS. THE HYPHAE TIPS SECRETE AN ENZYME THAT BREAK DOWN ORGANIC MATERIAL. Fungi Quiz • How do fungi reproduce? FUNGI REPRODUCE BY SPORES. Fungi Quiz • Molds belong in the ________ phylum. ZYGOMYCOTA Fungi Quiz • Yeast belongs in the __________ phylum. ASCOMYCOTA Fungi Quiz • Mushrooms belong in the __________ phylum. BASIDIOMYCOTA Fungi Quiz • Describe the symbiotic association that occurs in lichen. A fungus and a photosynthetic partner in which the fungal partner protects the photosynthetic partner Fungi Quiz • Describe the symbiotic association that occurs in mycorrhizae. Fungus transfers minerals to a plant’s roots, which in turn supply carbohydrates to the fungus Vocabulary – Due Monday • • • • • • • • Ascocarp Ascus Basidium Chitin Dikaryon Dikaryotic Ectomycorrhizae Endomycorrihizae • • • • • • • • Endomycorrihizae Hypha Fungi imperfecti Lichen Mycelium Septa Yeast Zygosporangia Fungus Survey • Day 1 – Mushroom and Yeast • Day 2 – Mold and Lichen Mushroom • Diagram mushroom – label cap, stem, gills