Transcript Species

Terrestrial Biomes
What is a biome?
A biome is a geographic area with
the same climate, flora, and
fauna.
Abiotic factors
Abiotic factors: never living things of the
environment.
– Examples: soil, air, light, temperature,
water
Biotic factors
Biotic factors: living or once living
things of the environment.

Examples: people, bacteria,
animals, plants, fungi, insects, dead
plants and animals, etc.
Levels of Organization
Terrestrial Biomes: differ by
location, plants, and animals
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Temperate/Deciduous Forest (TDF)
Tropical Rain Forest (TRF)
Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous Forest
Tropical Grassland/Savanna
Temperate Grassland/Prairie
Tropical Desert
Cold Desert
Chaparral
Tundra
Mountain
Biomes of the World
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Each of the world’s biomes has its own unique
characteristics.
3 Main Climate Zones
Polar to 66.5 N
Temperate
66.5N to 23.5N
Tropical 23.5 N to 23.5 S
Temperate
66.5S to 23.5S
Polar to 66.5 S
Polar Zone
Located from the Poles to 66.5
N and S.
 Coldest Temperatures of all 3 zones
 Tundra Biome
 Taiga Biome
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Temperate Zone
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Located from 66.5 N and S to 23.5
N and S.
 Change of Seasons
 Experience hot and cold temperatures.
 Temperate Forest
 Prairie
 Chaparral
 Desert
Tropical Zone
Located from 23.5 N to 23.5 S.
 Area along the equator.
 Receives most solar radiation.
 High temperatures/Precipitation varies
 Desert
 Rain forest
 Savanna
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Earth’s Climate Zones
Complete the diagram: Draw the lines at the correct latitude and label the lines of
latitude. Label the zones: Temperate, Tropical and Polar. Color the Tropical zone red,
the Temperate zone green and the Polar zone blue.
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Temperature: -22 to 86º Fahrenheit
 Precipitation: 24-60 inches annually
 Characteristics:
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– Has 4 distinct seasons
– You live here
– Leaves change color in autumn
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Zone: Temperate
Temperate Deciduous Forest
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Flora: the plants of a biome
– Examples: oak tree, maple tree, azaleas, shrubs,
grasses
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Fauna: the animals of a biome
– Examples: ants, deer, turkeys, frogs, eagles
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Interesting facts:
– Deciduous trees lose their leaves to conserve
water
Temperate Deciduous Forest
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Covers 1/3 of the
Earth’s area
 Dominated by trees
and woody vegetation
 Precipitation is
distributed evenly
throughout the year
 Animal life includes
many things such as
bears, deer,and
rodents
Pictures of TDF Flora
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White oak, Genus:
Uercus Species: alba
Lady Fern,
Genus: Athyrium
Species: felix-femina
Pictures of TDF fauna
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American Bald Eagle
 European Red Squirrel
 White-tailed Deer
Insects of the TDF
Rain Forest
Tropical Rain Forest
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Temperature: 75 to 85º Fahrenheit
 Precipitation: 50-260+ inches annually
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Characteristics:
– 12 hours of daylight
– 2 seasons: rainy and dry
– Poor soil
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Interesting facts:
– Most diverse biome
– Many plants there could be used for medicines.
– 85% of the world’s TRF have been deforested.
Tropical Rain Forest
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The Rain Forest is made of 3 layers:
– The first layer is the canopy.
– The second layer is the understory.
– The third is the forest floor.
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The Rain Forest contains about 45%
of all animal species in the world
making it the biome with highest
biological diversity.
TRF Flora and Fauna
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Flora: the plants of a biome
– Examples: orchids, ferns, trees—would
find many buttress trunks here
– Fauna of the TRF is very shallow rooted.
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Fauna: the animals of a biome
– Examples: birds, bats, insects, frogs, &
small mammals
Flora of the TRF
Bougainvillea
Genus: Bougainvillea
Species: spectabilis
Tualang
Common
Names:
Mengaris, Honey
Bee Tree, Dëoh
Genus:
Koompassia
Species: excelsa
Mangrove Forests
Fauna of the TRF
Fauna of the TFR
Golden Lion Tamarin
Genus: Leontopithecus
Species: rosalia
African Forest Elephant
Common Names: Pygmy Elephant
Genus: Loxodonta
Species: cyclotis
Toco Toucan
Genus:
Pamphastos
Species: toco
T
a
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a
Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous
Forest
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Temperature: 14 to 57º Fahrenheit
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Precipitation: 14-30 inches annually
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Zone: Temperate
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FYI: Current extensive logging may soon
cause the taiga to disappear.
Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous
Forest
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Characteristics:
– Animals migrate, hibernate, or insulate to
survive.
– Cone shape of trees helps them shed
snow & prevents damage to trees.
– Soil is low in nutrients & high in acid. Why?
– Found in the Northern Hemisphere near
the polar region & very few people live
there.
Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous
Forest
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Interesting facts:
– Find in Moscow, Toronto, etc.
– Taiga is the Russian word for marshy pine
forest.
– It is home to bogs and ponds.
– It has some permafrost but not as much as
the tundra.
– It occupies about 17% of the Earth’s land
area.
Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous
Forest
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Flora of the Taiga:
– Include conifers (cone-producing plants)
such as spruce, firs, and pines
– Rarely see birch and aspen trees
(deciduous trees)
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Fauna of the Taiga:
– Include moose, deer, bears, bobcats,
squirrels, moles, eagles, birds, and insects
Taiga Flora
Eastern Red Cedar
Common Names: Red Cedar, grave yard
tree
Genus: Juniperus
Species: virginiana
Black Spruce
Common Names: Black Spruce, Bog
Spruce, Swamp Spruce, épinette noire
Genus: Picea
Species: mariana
Taiga Fauna
Long-Eared Owl
Common Names:
Cat Owl
Genus: Aiso
Species: otus
Snowshoe
Rabbit
Common
Names:
Varying Hare
Genus: Lepus
Species:
americanus
American Black Bear
Genus: Ursus
Species: americanus
Wolverine
Genus: Gulo
Species: luscus
Tropical Grassland/Savanna
Tropical Grassland/Savanna
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Temperature: 61 to 93º Fahrenheit
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Precipitation: 20-50 inches annually
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Zone: Tropical
Tropical Grassland/Savanna
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Characteristics:
– Has trees
– Has wet and dry seasons
– Dry season is always followed by fire and
is necessary for survival of the savanna.
Tropical Grassland/Savanna
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Flora: grass, trees, and shrubs
Elephant Grass
Common Name: Napier
grass, Uganda grass
Genus: Pennistum
Species: purpureum
Jackal Berry Tree
Common Names: Jackalberry Tree,
Jakkalbessie, African Ebony
Genus: Diospyros
Species: mespiliformis
Tropical Grassland/Savanna
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Fauna: giraffe, zebras, gazelles, elephants,
wildebeests
Grant's Zebra
Common Names: Plains Zebra
Genus: Equus
Species: burchelli bohmi
Wildebeest
Temperate Grassland (Prairie)
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Temperature: -40 to 100 +º Fahrenheit
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Precipitation: 20-35 inches annually
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Zone: Temperate
Temperate Grassland
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Characteristics:
– Few grasslands left due to clearing of land
for farms—for croplands
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Interesting facts:
– Biome with the richest/most fertile soil
Temperate Grassland
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Flora: grasses, flowers, and
trees, only near water
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Fauna: spiders, insects,
rabbits, coyotes, mice,
prairie dogs
Tropical Deserts
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Temperature: -0.4 to 120º Fahrenheit
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Precipitation: less than 20 inches
annually
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Zone: Tropical
Tropical Deserts
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Characteristics:
– Cover 1/5 of
the Earth’s
surface
– Have rich
soil
– Hot and dry
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Interesting facts:
– 4 deserts in North
America
– Plants have shallow roots
near the soil surface,
waxy coverings, & spiny
leaves to conserve water.
– Sahara Desert in Africa is
the world’s largest,
covering over 3.5 million
acres of land.
Deserts of North
America
Fauna examples: also include
spiders, insects, birds
Desert Kangaroo Rat
Genus: Dipodomys
Species: deserti
Sonoran Pronghorn Antelope
Common Names:
Genus: Antilocarta
Species: americana sonoriensis
Coyote
Common Names: Coyote
Genus: Canis
Species: latrans
Desert Tortoise
Common Names:
Gopher Tortoise
Genus: Gopherus
Species: agassizii
Fauna Examples
Sonoran Desert Toad
Common Names: Sonoran Toad
Genus: Bufo
Species: alvarius
Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy Owl
Genus: Glaucidium
Species: brasilianum cactorum
Flora: Also include shrubs, small
trees, yuccas, and agaves
Joshua Tree
Genus:
Yucca
Species:
Saguaro Cactus
Genus: Carnegiea
Species: gigantea
brevifolia
Agave
Blue agave farm in Mexico
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Agave plant
in bloom—
called
century
plants in
the south
since they
take 25
years to
bloom
The flower
of an
agave
plant
Aloe Vera not to be confused with
Agave
Polar (cold) Desert
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Temperature: 28-79º Fahrenheit
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Precipitation: 6-10 inches annually
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Zone: polar
Polar desert characteristics &
facts
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Cold winters with
high precipitation
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Short summers
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Soil is heavy and
salty
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Find in Antarctica,
Greenland, and Asia
Fauna of the Cold Desert
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Emperor penguins and gazelles
Flora of the cold desert
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Lichen
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Pin cushion moss
Fire moss (above
and algae below)
Chaparral
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Temperature: 50-104º Fahrenheit
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Precipitation: 15-40 inches annually
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Zone: Temperate
Chaparral
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Characteristics:
– shrubby coastal
area with hot,
dry summers
and cool, mild,
wet winters
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Interesting
Facts:
– Shallow-rooted
plants
– Drought and
fire are
common
– Plants are
adapted to fire
Chaparral Flora Examples: Also
include scrub oak, cacti, yuccas
Blue Oak
Common Name:
Californis Blue Oak, Iron
Oak, Mountain White Oak,
Mountain Oak
Genus: Quecus
Species: douglasii
Common Sagebrush
Common Name:
Sagebrush, Big Sagebrush
Genus: Artemisia
Species: tridentata
Yucca
http://www.geographylists.com/mojave_yucca.jpg
Chaparral Fauna Examples:
Also include birds, insects, & reptiles
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Golden Jackal
Genus: Canis
Species: aureus
Black-tailed Jackrabbit
Genus: Lepus
Species: californicus
Bezoar Goat
Common Names:
wild goat
Genus: Capra
Species: aegagrus
Tundra
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Temperature: -30 to 57º Fahrenheit
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Precipitation: 6-10 inches annually
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Zone: polar
Tundra
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Characteristics:
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Interesting facts:
– Coldest of all biomes
– Much permafrost
– Low diversity
found in this layer
– Animals migrate,
hibernate, or insulate
to survive the cold of
this biome.
– Experiences large
changes in
population numbers
due to migration
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Flora: lichen, hedges,
shrubs
Tundra
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Fauna: hares, birds,
wolves, elk, sheep
Caribou Moss
Arctic Fox
Common Name: Caribou
Moss, Reindeer Lichen
Genus: Cladonia
Species: rangiferina
Common Names: Polar Fox, White Fox
Genus: Lagopus
Species: alopex
Caribou
Common Names: Caribou,
Reindeer
Genus: Rangifer
Species: tarandus
Mountain/Alpine
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Temperature: 10-59º Fahrenheit
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Precipitation: 12 inches annually
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Zone: temperate
Mountain/Alpine
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Characteristics:
– Too cold and too much UV from sun,
–
–
–
–
causing few organisms to live there
Found at elevations of 10,000 feet
Animals migrate, hibernate, or insulate
to survive the cold of this biome.
Animals have shorter tails, legs, & ears
to reduce heat loss.
Animals have larger lungs and more red
blood cells
Mountain/Alpine
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Interesting facts:
– Very dry
– Cover 16% of Earth’s surface area
– Sandy, rocky, well drained soil
– Temperature can go from warm to freezing
in a few hours to a day
– Rainshadow effect
– Every 3,280 feet increase in elevation = 18
degree drop in
temperature
Mountain flora and fauna
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Not many plants because of little carbon
dioxide.
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Find small plants near the ground and dwarf
trees, grasses, heaths, and shrubs.
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Fauna include goats, sheep, elk, beetles,
grasshoppers, and butterflies.
Mountain flora examples
Bristlecone Pine
Genus: Pinus
Species: longaeva
Pygmy Bitterroot
Common Names: Alpine Bitterroot,
Pursh
Genus: Lewisia
Species: pygmaea
Mountain fauna examples:
Chinchilla
Genus: Chinchilla
Species: brevicaudasa
Snow Leopard
Genus: Panthera
Species: uncia