Transcript Dual credit objectives

Dual credit objectives
• classification of plant that recognizes some
characteristic distinguishing it from others of
the same species
• cultivar
• varieties that exist through the intentional
intervention of horticulturists
• variety
• includes a group of plants within a species
that are not distinctive enough even to
comprise a variety, yet stand apart in some
way
• Forma
• scientific name given to plants using the genus
and species
• binomial nomenclature
• The basic parts of a plant are: _____, _____,
_____,and_____
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Roots
Stems
Leaves
Flowers
• have a network of roots that reach our
horizontally and vertically through the soil
• Fiberouse Roots
• develop from stems in some plants and may
be vegetatively propagated.
• Adventicious Roots
• The green pigment in leaves that allows them
to use energy in light to convert carbon
dioxide and water into food
• Chlorophyll
• the process by which plants use energy in light
to convert carbon dioxide and water into food
and oxygen.
• Photosynthesis
• A Flower that possesses all the floral organs
• Complete
• A flower with both stamens and pistils.
• Perfect
• contain the chlorophyll pigment which is vital
to photosynthesis
• chloroplast
• contains the chromosomes, nucleolus, and
nucleoplasm
• nucleus
• composed of a matrix of carbohydrates
reinforced by cellulose molecules arranged in
long, rod-like structures
• cell wall
• living matter of the cell
• protoplast
• connect the protoplasts of adjacent cells,
making the living material of the cells
continuous within the plant
• Cytoplasmic Strands
• surrounds the protoplast like a thin plastic
bag, separating it form the cell wall
• Plasma Membrane
• regions of the plant cell where respiration
occurs
• Mitochondria
• living material in the cell other than the
nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• cavity with the cytoplasm
• Vacuole
• cells that remain simple and primarily divide
and create new cells
• Meristematic Cells
• Cells specialized to provide plants the
structural strength then need for support
• Collenchyma Cells
• specialized cells comprising the cortex and
pith tissues in stems and the spongy
mesophyll tissue in leaves
• Parenchyma Cells
• have the thickest walls and are also involved in
structural support of the plant
• Sclerenchyma Cells
• Water and minerals are carried upward in the
• Xylem
• Food materials move downward in the_____
• Phloem
• Gases exchange between air outside the plant
and the intercellular spaces through pores
called _____.
• Stomata
• Stomata are opened and closed by
• Guard Cells
• the water loss from a plant is a process called.
• Transpiration
• Stage of plant growth when Plants cannot
flower
• Juvenilty
• Stage of plant growth when the Plants can
flower and produce a seed
• Maturity
• The process that permits living cells to obtain
energy form organic material
• Respiration
• the movement of organic materials from one
part of the plant to another part
• Translocation
• Plant growth movement in response to light
• Phototropism
• The effect of varying periods or durations of
light exposure on plant growth and
development
• Photoperiodism
• flower only after exposure to day lengths less
than a critical amount
• Short day length
• only flower only when day length exposure
exceeds a critical amount
• Long day length
• What are the layers of a soil profile?
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Organic Matter
Topsoil
Subsoil
Parent Material
• Soils that remain in place
• Sedentary
• Soils that move due to the forces of nature
• transported
• Soils transported and deposited by wind
• Aeolian
• soil deposited by glaciers
• Glacial Till
• Soils carried in water such as rivers
• Alluvial
• have moved in response to gravity after a
landslide or mudslide
• Colluvial
• List the soil textures in order from smallest to
largest particle size
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Clay,
Silt
Sand
Gravel
• A pH of 5.0 or less than 7
• Acidic
• A pH of 7.0
• Neutral
• A pH of 9.0 or greater than 7
• Basic
• the capacity of colloidal soil particles to attract
positively charged ions and to exchange one
ion for another.
• Cation Exchange
• _provides all three essential elements.
• Complete fertilizer
• Compounds that occur naturally are
• Hormones
• Chemists synthesize modifiers of plant
development, either naturally occurring or
commercially synthesized
• Growth Regulators
• plant hormones that both promote and inhibit
plant growth.
• Auxins
• the concentration of auxin in the apex that
can inhibit the growth of buds and shoots
beneath
• Apical Dominance
• fruit-set without pollination. It is
accomplished by the application of auxins or
gibberellins.
• Parthenocarpy
• a naturally occurring growing inhibitor that
counters the effects of gibberellins
• Abscisic Acid
influences geotropism, leaf abscission, and
the ripening of fruit
• Ethylene
• a group of synthetic compounds that have a
dwarfing effect on plant growth.
• Anti-Gibberellins
• When organisms duplicate themselves, it is
known as
• Reproduction
• When reproduction is deliberately controlled
and manipulated, it is called
• Propagation
• The reproduction of plants through the
formation of seeds is called
• Sexual Reproduction
• A cell formed through sexual reproduction
that has two sets of chromosomes is known as
• Zygote
• A gamate with one set of chromosomes is
• Haploid
• Propagation is a vegetative process that
eliminates genetic variation
• Asexual
• a sequence of cell divisions that reduces the
number of chromosomes in a cell by half.
• Meiosis
• Is the normal division of cell nuclei that occurs
as plants grow, involving not reduction and
recombination of chromosomes.
• Mitosis
• completes the division of the nonnuclear
remainder of the cell’s contents and the
formation of a new cell wall
• Cytokinesis
• The breaking of a seed coat otherwise
impervious to water to permit water uptake
by the embryo is
• Scarification
• The exposure of seeds to low temperatures
• Stratification
• Taking segments of roots, leaves or stems and
placing them under appropriate conditions
• Cutting
• aerial shoots that take root after coming into
contact with the soil
• Stolons
• production of a seed without meiosis and
fertilization
• Apomictic Embyo
• buds of one plant are implanted into the stem
of another compatible species
• Budding
• using small sections of meristematic shoot
tissue or callus tissue to grow a new plant
under carefully controlled environmental
conditions
• Tissue Culture
• plants that produce new shoots from
adventitious buds that develop on roots
• Sucker shoots
• The crown of a plant is divided once it
enlarges to allow each root-shoot to develop
into a new plant
• Crown Division
• roots develop on a stem that is still attached
to the parent plant
• Layering
• the upper portion of one plant can be joined
with the lower portion of a different plant
• Grafting
• stems that grow along the ground and form
new plants at one or more of their nodes
• Runners
• organs formed as part of a root system that is
easily collected and separated by propagators
• Bulbs
• The external appearance of a plant is called
the
• Phenotype
• The genetic composition of a plant is called
the
• Genotype
• Bodies within the nucleus of the cell that are
composed of DNA and proteins.
• Chromosomes
• occurs when inbred plant species are crossed
and the hybrid generation may have qualities
superior to those of either parent.
• Hybrid Vigor
• are seedlings that retain their undisturbed
root system within a core of media.
• Plugs
• Means the gradual adaptation of plants to
environmental conditions more stressful than
their present ones.
• Hardening Off
• List four methods of budding.
• 1. T-budding
2. Patch-budding
• 3. I-budding
4. Chip budding
• List five methods of layering
• 1. simple layering
• 2. tip layering
3. mound layering
• 4. air layering
• 5. serpentine layering
• Plant has the injurious agent active within it.
• Infected
• plant has the agent active on its surface.
• Infested
• an organism not capable of manufacturing its
own food.
• Parasite
• The ability for eggs to develop even though
they have not been fertilized is termed
• parthenogenesis
• The changes in insect form as they grow are
termed
• metamorphosis.
• The four basic stage of metamorphosis are:
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egg,
larva,
pupa,
adult
• manifestations of the effect of disease in
plants
• Symptoms
• the causal agent in plant disease
• Pathogen
• The four basic causes of disease in plants
include
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bacteria,
fungi,
virus, and
nematodes.
• What are the three parts of the disease
triangle
• Pathogen,
• susceptible plant,
• favorable environment
• The infectious form of a pathogen is
• inoculum.
• Which of the following is a natural agent of
dissemination?
• a. cultivating tools
b. flowing water
c. vehicles
• d. clothing
• b. flowing water
• Which of the following is an artificial agent of
dissemination?
• a. flowing water
b. wind
c. birds
d. clothing
• D. Clothing
• List the three levels of pest control:
• 1. Partial Control
2. Absolute Control
• 3. Profitable Control
• Herbicides that kill all green plants
• Nonselective
• herbicides that kill some kinds of plants and
not others.
• Selective
• Chemical additives that improve the
performance of the pesticide with which they
are combined.
• Advuvant
• an attempt to return some of the natural
inhibitors of insect, pathogen, and weed injury
to the production of desired crops, including
ornamentals.
• Biological Control
• a multifaceted approach to pest control
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• The point at which the injury to the host
plants or number of pests present is
unacceptable?
• Action Threshold
• an attempt to change a plant’s morphology
and/or genotype so it will suffer less from
disease or insects
• Resistance
• control that sets a barrier between the host
plant and the pests to which they are
susceptible
• Protection
• includes all measures designed to keep a pest
from becoming established in an area
• Exclusion
• seeks to remove or eliminate pests that are
already in, on, or near plants in infested areas
• Eradication
• List the nutrients that are generally provided
to a plant through the air.
• Carbon ( C)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Oxygen (O)
• List the primary macronutrients needed by
plants.
• Nitrogen (N)
• Phosphorous (P)
• Potassium (K)
• List the secondary macronutrients needed by
plants.
• Calcium (Ca)
• Magnesium (Mg)
• Sulfur (S)
• List the essential micronutrients needed by
plants.
• B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Zn
• Deficiency Symptom is yellowing of lower
leaves
• It is found in all Proteins
• Nitrogen (N)
• Deficiency Symptom purpling of lower leaves
• Found in energy rich compounds
• Phosphorous (P)
• Deficiency Symptom necrosis and chlorosis of
lower leaves
• Control of somate opening and closing
• Potassium (K)
• used in plant structure
• Deficiency Symptom top of plant can become
distorted
• Calcium (Ca)
• Important to chlorophyll
• Deficiency symptoms interveinal chlorosis
• Magnesium (Mg)
• element is one that shows deficiency
symptoms in the older leaves first.
• Mobile
• Element is one that shows deficiency
symptoms in the younger leaves first.
• Immobile
• Elements that enhance the uptake of one
another are considered
• Synergistic
• Elements that interfere with the uptake of one
another are considered
• Antagonistic
• a global cycle in which evaporation and
precipitation are equal over time and on a
global scale.
• Hydrologic Cycle
• Expresses the actual water content relative to
the maximum amount that the air can hold at
a given temperature
• Relative Humidity
• the universal solvent
• WATER
• The physical property of water in a liquid state
that is due to the intermolecular attraction
between water molecules.
• Surface Tension
• the force of attraction between unlike
molecules
• Adhesion
• the force of attraction between like
molecules.
• Cohesion
• The flow of water from the roots through the
xylem in the stems to the uppermost leaves.
• Transpiration Stream
• What is the flow of water through a
semipermeable membrane that occurs when
there is a concentration gradient difference
• Osmosis
• The upward movement of water in plants
• Capillary Rise
• A plant absorbs mineral nutrients against a
high concentration of gradient by a process
• Active Transport
• self-feeders
• Autrotrophs
• feed on others
• Heterotrophs
• Considered the terminal, irreversible
deteriorative change in living organisms which
leads to plant death
• Senescence
• Over half of the world’s food supply comes
from the plant group
• Cereal Crops
• leads all the cereal grains in total volume
• Wheat
• Corn, as produced in Tennessee for grain,
could be properly classified as a
• Summer Annual
• Corn oil content is typically
• 4 Percent
• An important cereal crop serving as a basic
food for over 1⁄2 of the world population
• Rice
• Self-pollinated,
• a winter annual (as grown in TN),
• most widely cultivate crop in the world
• Wheat
• Soybean cultivars are grouped according to
their response to
• Photoperiod
• In order to get a maximum yield of good
quality hay, the plants should be harvested at
the
• Just prior to heading
• the production of two crops, one following
another, during one growing season
• Double-Cropping
• The process of baling silage in plastic wrap
• Baleage
• growth of a single species in a given area
• Monoculture
• simultaneously producing two or more crops
in the same field
• Interrcropping
• moist forage, preserved by bacterial
fermentation under anaerobic conditions
• Silage
• shoots and leaves of forage plants that are
preserved by field drying, harvesting and
storing for future use
• Hay
• system in which new crop is seeded directly in
a field in which the preceding crop was cut
down or destroyed rather than being removed
• No-Till
• suppliers stock materials needed by either
growers or retail businesses
• Wholesale
• suppliers stock materials needed by
individuals or homeowners.
• Retail
• nursery initiates plant production.
• Propagagtion
• nursery may grow plants, buy from a
wholesale nursery, or both
• Landscape
• The use of municipal water supply may add
greatly to the cost of production
• What three types of bench arrangements are
commonly used in a greenhouse?
• Peninsular,
• longitudinal,
• moveable
• What are the three main reasons for soil tests
among greenhouse growers?
• 1. To check the pH
2. To check for nutrient deficiencies
3. To measure the soluble salt content
• resemble ice-cube trays and are available in
different sizes
• Molded Plastic Packs
• porous, thus gas and air can permeate
containers, and soil dries more rapidly
• Clay Containers
• shallow, rectangular containers that may be
used to start seedlings, root cuttings, or hold
less sturdy peat pots and strips
• Flats
• great convenience for transplanting because
there is no need to remove the pot
• Peat Pots
• containers where the height is one-half the
diameter
• Pans
• specialized production containers made of
wire or plastic
• Hanging Baskets
• cannot be heat pasteurized, lighter than clay
• Plastic Containers
• round containers whose height and diameter
are equal
• Pots
• deliver the water through nozzles, spaced at
intervals along the pipes, which run around
the perimeter of the greenhouse bench
• Spray System
• small rings of plastic that are placed around
the base of each plant within its container
• Water Loops
• water pumped from a storage tank into a
water tight bench where it flows across the
surface, flooding the entire bench
• Ebb and Flow
• deliver water through holes in inflatable
plastic tubes stretched down the bench
• Trickle System
• plastic tubes that are rolled out in rows
between plants growing as bench crops
• Ooze Tubes
• made of fibrous material and is placed on a
bench that is first lined with plastic
• Capillary Mats
• remain in the plant and ills the pest when it
arrives
• Systemic
• material is mixed with water in a hydraulic
sprayer and applied to foliage
• Sprays
• dry formulation of pesticide that must provide
a thorough coverage
• Dusts
• packaged with a flammable, smoke-producing
material
• Smoke Fummigants
• pesticide is mixed with an oil solvent and filled
in a fogger
• Foggers
• environmental control strong structure
maximum light allowance
• Expensive to build and heat wastes land
between houses
• A-Frame
• less expensive to build
good environmental control less expensive to
heat
wastes no land between houses
• environmental control is difficult if different
crops are grown structurally weak under snow
buildup
• Ridge and Furrow
• less expensive to build
ideal for production of seasonal crops
may be free-standing or grouped
• requires new covering frequently
• Quonset
• Provide a shaded area for heat sensitive plants
Provide a cool holding area
• little environmental control
• Lathe/ Shade House
• How can shading be accomplished in a
greenhouse?
• Spray compound,
• Shade cloth
• uses exhaust fans and continuously wet pads
of excelsior, cross-fluted cellulose, aluminum
fiber, or glass fibers
• Fan and pad cooling
• uses a high-pressure pump to create a fine
mist.
• Fog evaporative cooling
• What are the positive and negative effects of
using a double layered plastic covering?
• Positive – aid in heat retention
Negative – reduction in light intensity
• Greenhouse benches must drain quickly; must
be of a width that allows workers to reach into
the center, must maximize the crop’s exposure
to light.
• Simplest Form of Doing Business
• No separation between sole proprietor’s
personal finance and that of the business
Business ends with the death of the owner
• Sole Proprietor
• Allows for two or more people to own a
business
• Each partner is liable for their part of the
business
• Partnership
• Creates a business that is its own legal entity
• Ownership of the business can change hands
without interrupting the business
• Is more expensive to establish
• Corporations
• can help identify factors that will lead to the
success of a business
• Market Survey
• What are three sources of capital when
starting a business
• Using your own money,
• borrowing money,
• reinvesting profits into the business
• The two types of advertising are
• Immediate Response Advertising and
• Attitude Advertising.
• There are two parts to a financial statement:
• a balance sheet and
• a profit-and-loss statement
• comparison of the company’s debt with
parameters such as total assets or net worth
• Leverage
• ratios that relate profits to total assets, or
gross income, or other quantities
• Profitability
• ability of a company to pay its bills when they
are due
• Liquidity
• The point at which Sales and Variable cost are
equal
• Break Even Point
• Total assets / Total liabilities
• Equity
• communication allows for no response.
• One-Way
• Communication allows for response.
• A meeting at work that allows input from all
employees would be an example
• Two-Way
• What are the three primary forms of
communication
• Verbal,
• written,
• expressed (body language)
• Deliver on your promises or else your words
will have little influence
• Credibility
• Take time to meet with your employees
individually. Listen to their concerns and ideas.
• One on one Meeting
• Your employees will recognize your concern
for them if you are willing to let them share
their concerns.
• Open Door Policy
• Everyone should feel that they are an
important member of the team
• Show Respect
• By sharing information, the group will
collectively be more productive
• Information is a service
• Unclear instructions will lead to confused
employees and less productivity.
• Be Specific
• Although voicemail and email have their
place, face-to-face communication can help
establish trust and reduce misunderstandings.
• Personal Communication
• Communication should be an ongoing
exchange between people. By listening to the
concerns of others, you can learn much about
what actions are necessary
• Two-Way Communication