Transcript Geography – EOC Review

Geography – EOC Review
ATMOSPHERE
The air surrounding Earth
• 78% Nitrogen
• Just under 21% Oxygen
• less than 1% argon,
carbon dioxide & other
gasses
www.space.gc.ca
LITHOSPHERE
Solid, rocky crust
covering entire planet.
http://mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/~ll125/images/struct.jp
g
HYDROSPHERE
All the water in or near the Earth
BIOSPHERE
Composed of all living organisms
• Plants
• Animals
• One-celled organisms
Internal Forces
Rift Valleys
Oceanic Ridges
Earthquakes
Mountains and Volcanoes
External Forces
– Weathering – breakdown of rock and soil
happens where temperature changes greatly
with in a day or season. Plants and Animals
can cause weathering.
– Erosion – wearing away of Earth’s surface
through motion.
• Wind:
• Water: Grand Canyon – valleys
• Glacial: Great Lakes, fjords
Red – LOW LATITUDES
0 – 23 ½  North & South
Tropics
Hot and Humid
Green – MID LATITUDES
23 ½ - 66 ½  North & South
Temperate
Mild
THE MAJORITY OF THE WORLD’S
PEOPLE LIVE IN THE TEMPERATE
ZONE!!
Blue – HIGH LATITUDES
66 ½ - 90 North & South
Polar
Cold and Dry
LACEMOPS
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Latitude
Air Masses
Continentality
Elevation
Mountain Barriers
Ocean Currents
Pressure and Prevailing Winds
Storms
L - LATITUDE
The most important factor!
The farther from the Equator - the colder and drier it becomes.
Direct rays of the sun are always between the Tropics. Areas not
in the tropics receive indirect sun rays.
A - AIR MASSES
In the Northern
Hemisphere, cold
air from the Polar
Regions comes
from the north. Hot
air from the tropics
comes from the
south, (opposite in
the Southern
Hemisphere).
Mountains to the
north of a city (in
the Northern
Hemisphere) could
block the cold air
from reaching the
city.
C - CONTINENTALITY
Water moderates climate. Water takes longer to heat and cool
than land. Areas inland from the coast will be hotter in the
summer and colder in the winter than areas with the same latitude
on the coast.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://edc.usgs.gov/imagegallery/imageSrc/United%2520StatesNED500.jpg&imgrefurl=http://edc.usgs.gov/imagegallery/imageDetail.php%3Fpage%3D18%26img%3DUnited%2BStates-NED%26id%3D2071%26col%3DStates%2B%2BNED%2BShaded%2BRelief&h=353&w=500&sz=121&hl=en&start=17&um=1&tbnid=tsJBVC5mQRiZ6M:&tbnh=92&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Duni ted%2Bstates%2B%26svnum%3D10%26
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E - ELEVATION It gets colder as you go up a mountain. The
formula for vertical climate is: Temperature decreases 3.5º F for
every 1,000 feet increase in elevation (the opposite is also true).
You can work out the temperature at the top of a tall mountain.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.savetibet.org/images/images/MountEverest.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.savetibet .org/news/new
sitem.php%3Fid%3D1050&h=300&w=400&sz=22&hl=en&start=6&um=1&tbnid=ODjUhttp://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/images/0314-01.jpg
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M - MOUNTAIN BARRIERS
Orographic effect:
Wind containing moisture
hits the windward side of a
mountain (the side facing the
wind). The moisture full
clouds are too heavy to
make it over the mountain so
precipitation occurs, after the
precipitation, the clouds have
no moisture and are able to
rise over the mountain. The
side facing away from the
wind is called the leeward
side. The leeward side of a
mountain is arid. The
windward side has lush
vegetation. The leeward side
of a mountain is in the rain
shadow and is usually a
desert.
O - OCEAN CURRENTS
Cold currents bring dry, cool air to the coastal areas.
Warm currents bring warm, wet air to coastal areas.
http://go.owu.edu/~jbkrygie/krygier_html/geog_111/geog_111_lo/geog_111_lo05_gr/3-16.jpg
P - PRESSURE AND PREVAILING WINDS:
Pressure- High pressure is heavy, cold air. Low pressure is
warm, light air. Heat rises. There are some fairly constant air
pressure systems.
Notice that
these lines are
located at 0,
30, 60, 90 (not
0, 23 ½, 66 ½,
and 90)
Prevailing Winds-
The Equator is surrounded by an area of calm called the Doldrums (ITCZ).
The Trade Winds (Tropical Easterlies) blow from east to west (generally warm and
moist). They run from about 30º N/S toward the Equator.
Between 30º N/S and 60º N/S are the Westerlies (Prevailing Westerlies). They blow
from west to east.
Because the Westerlies and Trade Winds are traveling away from each other there is
an area of calm between them called the Horse Latitudes.
The Polar Easterlies blow from 90º in an eastward direction toward the Westerlies.
There are serious thunderstorms around the 60º latitude line where the two wind
patterns collide
Notice that these lines
are located at 0, 30, 60,
90 (not 0, 23 ½, 66 ½,
and 90)
http://www.worldstats.org/general_world/maps/prevailing_winds_big.gif
The Water Cycle
The Hydrologic Cycle
Temperate Grasslands
ClimographIndicates average temperature and precipitation for an area.
Line graph = Temperature
Bar Graph = Precipitation
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/A_D/climograph.html
Settlement
• Cultural Hearths:
_____________________________________________
____________________________________
• Start in RIVER VALLEYS. Farming allows for permanent
settlement. (Nomadic to Urban settlements)
• Settlement follows predictable patterns:
• Physical: Near resources, water
• Human: Economics (jobs)
• Settlement patterns can change over time, especially
with technology.
•
Examples: people live in sunbelt of U.S. (south)
because of air conditioning.
Migration
Push Factors: why people leave Pull Factors: why people come
Economic: no jobs
Cultural: gangs, ethnic violence
Political: bad government communism
Environmental unclean, lack of
resources
Economic: better jobs
Cultural: better schools
Political: good government democracy
Environmental clean and safe
environment
Human Environmental Interaction
(HEI)
• Modifications to the environment:
______________________________________
__________________________
• Adaptations to the environment:
______________________________________
__________________________
• How do humans depend on their environment?
• How does technology affect HEI?
• A periodic reversal of the pattern of ocean currents and water
temperatures in the mid-pacific regions.
• Think about it - your farm is used to moist, warm air, and now it
is getting cold, dry air…..
General: El Niño episodes (left hand column) reflect periods of exceptionally warm sea surface temperatures across the eastern tropical
Pacific. La Niña episodes (right hand column) represent periods of below-average sea-surface temperatures across the eastern tropical
Pacific. These episodes typically last approximately 9-12 months. Sea-surface temperature (top) and departure (bottom) maps for
December - February during strong El Niño and La Niña episodes are shown above.
Examples of extreme weather:
El Nino: __________________, Floods, tsunamis:
_______________, volcanoes, hurricanes
(Typhoons), tornadoes, wildfires
• Consequences of extreme weather:
______________________________________
________________________
• How do humans interact with the environment to
address these consequences?
• Nonrenewable resources:
______________________________________
• Renewable Resources:
______________________________________
• Sustainable Development:
______________________________________
•
Examples
Level of Development
• Characteristics of More Developed
Countries:
• Characteristics of Less Developed
Countries:
• Characteristics of Newly Industrialized
Countries:
Globalization• Benefits of
Globalization
• Consequences of
Globalization
Regions
• Formal
• Functional
• Perceptual
Places and Regions
Place- a particular space with physical and human meaning.
Region- areas united by specific factors
Formal (uniform)- common characteristic such as a product
Ex.- The Cornbelt
Functional- is an urban central point (core) and surrounding area
(periphery) that are connected to it.
Ex- New Caney is in Houston’s functional region
Perceptual- is defined by popular feelings and images
Ex.- “Heartland”