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Intermediate Reading
Comprehension
[email protected]
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF SEMARANG
2011-2012
Question to consider:
• What is a text?
• Where can you find a text?
• Why do people create a text?
• In what forms do a text exist?
• How many texts in this universe?
• Have you ever created a text? when?
Week 1: what is text?
Definition
Text:
 words put together to communicate meaning
 spoken or written forms created to communicate a message
Two main activities relating to text:
 construction (writing and speaking)
 interpretation (listening and reading)
Text production depends on:
 purpose
 context
Text types
LITERARY TEXTS
FACTUAL TEXTS
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Aboriginal dreaming stories
Movie scripts
limericks
fairy tales
plays
novels
song lyrics
mimes
sop operas
advertisement
announcement
internet web sites
current affair shows
debates
recipes
report
instruction
Text types:
THE MAIN LITERARY TEXTS
narrative (spoken or written – radio, TV, books,
newspaper, etc)
 poetry (express feeling and impression of life)
 drama (spoken or written – facial expression,
costumes, acting, etc)

Resulted:
Laugh or cry
Think deeply of life
Question: what literary texts make you cry or
laugh?
Text types:
THE MAIN FACTUAL TEXTS
 recount
 explanation
 discussion
 information report
 exposition
 procedure
 response
Purpose: to present, show, tell, persuade, describe,
explain, etc.
Basketball Match
Week 2: DESCRIPTION
• Have you ever described a particular
person/ an animal/ a thing?
• Why people do such those things?
• Have you ever read a written description?
Where? What ?
• What can you learn from a description
text?
definition
WEEK 3-4: DISCUSSION
Definition:
 Speaking or writing about a topic and includes both sides (right
and wrong, positive and negative, good and bad)
 The purpose of a discussion is to present to the audience different
opinions on a topic and, at the end, your opinion.
Examples of Discussion texts:
 Talkback radio
 Current affairs interviews
 Essays
 Debates
 Letters to the editors
 Newpapers articles
Generic Structure
 An introductory paragraph that has a statement or question about
the topic
 A series of paragraphs that give evidence, opinions or arguments
for and againts the topic
 A conclusion that give final point of a view, either for or againts
the topic
Language features
 The use of generic terms related to the topic
 The use of words that show a comparison or a contrast
 The use of words that link arguments
WEEK 4-5: RECOUNT
Definition:
 Speaking or writing about past events
 A piece of text that retells past events, usually in the order in
which they happened
Examples of Recount texts:
 Newspaper reports
 Conversation
 Speeches
 Television interviews
 Eyewitness account
 Letters
Generic Structure
 Orientation: background information about who, where and when
 Events: a series of paragraphs that retell events in the order in
which they happened
 Re-orientation: a concluding paragrpah (optional)
Language features
 Specific participant to identify those involved in the text
 Descriptive words to give details about who, what, when, where
and how
 The use of past tense
 The use of sequences to elaborate the events
Eyewitness accounts
 The purpose of which is to give details about the event in the
order in which they occured
Examples of events:
 Car accident
 Explosion
 Fight
 Robbery
 Etc.
Examples of audience:
 police
 Readers of newspapers
 Viewers of TV news report
 Etc.
Letters
 The purpose of which is to retell events to the reader
Examples of media:
 E-mail
 Fax
Conversations
 A spoken text between two or more people
 The purpose of which is to explain, describe, argue or recount
events
Example
 Talking with family
 Chatting with friends about things happened
Television interviews
 The purpose of which is to explain, describe, argue or recount
events
Examples of media:
 E-mail
 Fax
NARRATIVE TEXTS
 The purpose of which is to present a view of the world that
entertains or informs the readers or listeners
Examples of narrative texts:
 Fantasy novels
 Bedtime stories
 Historical fiction
 Stories
 Etc.
Example – pp.8-11
Features of a narrative
The Generic Structure
 An orientattion: the narrator tell the audience about WHO, WHEN,
WHERE
 A complication: set off a chain of events that influences what will
happen in the story
 A sequence of events: tell where the characters react to the
complication
 A resolution: the characters finally sort out the complication
 A coda: a comment or moral based on what has been learned
from the story
Language features:
 Specific characters
 Time words that connect events to tell when they occur
 Verbs to show the actions that occur in the story
 Descriptive words to portray the characters and settings
 Etc.
The art of describing
• What the characters look like (characters)
• Where the action is taking place (the setting)
• How things are happening (the action)
Forms:
• Adjevtive
• Adverbs
• Similes
Exercise:
• Analyzing Junk Castle on page 15-16
Types of Narrative
 Humour
 Romance
 Crime
 Real-life fiction
 Historical fiction
 Mystery
 Fantasy
 Science fiction
 Diary-novels
 Adventure
 Etc.
Examples – pp.19-36
WEEK 9-10: RESPONSE TEXTS
 A response is a text that give a person’s
response or reaction to another text ( a book,
film, play, poem, etc) by providing a
description of the work and a judgement)
Exercise:
 Mention some kinds of texts in which you can
give response to them based on your
judgement!
Features of a response
The Generic Structure
 A paragraph that introduces the text being judged (title, author,
time of text construction, summary of the work)
 A description of the text (orientation, complication, sequence of
event and resolution
 A judgement of the text (opinion and recommendations)
Language features:
 The use of modality
 The use of present tense
 The use of descriptive words
opening
paragraph that
introduces the
text being
judged
Toy Story
Toy Story is one of Disney’s popular films that uses
amazing computer graphics to tell the story of a young
boy, Andy, and his roomful of great toys that come to
life.
Description of
the text being
judged, giving
information
about what
happens, who is
in it and other
details
The plot centres on Andy’s toys, including Mr.Potato
Head and his favourite, Woody, who have their lives
disturbed with the arrival of Buzz Lightyear, a karatechoopping, flying spaceman. Tom Hanks provides the
voice of Woody while Tim Allen is the voice of Buzz.
Computer animation is by John Lasseter, known for his
complex pixel animation techniques. The film is now
avaliable on videos, is rated G, runs for 78 minutes and
sells for $24.95.
a judgement
abou the text,
which is the
writer’s
personal
response
Toy Story is more than just amazing computer
generated special effects. There is plenty of fn for both
younger viewers and sdults. All the family will enjoy
this one.
Descriptive
words
Words
showing the
response is
written in the
present tense
Words
showing
judgement
exploration
• Look at examples on page 42-44
Language -
function
• The experiental function – the way we use language to
•
•
represent our experience of the world
The interpersonal function – the way we use language to
interact with others
The textual function – the way we use language to
create well organised and cohexive texts, both spoken
and written
WEEK 11-12: PROCEDURE TEXTS
 A procedure tell how to make or do something by
giving a sequence of steps to follow.
Structure:
 The goal of the activity – an indication of what you are
trying to do or make
 Materials – a list of materials (or ingredients/equipment
etc) needed to achieve the goal
 Steps – the sequence of steps that need to be followed
Key grammatical pictures
 Use of action verb as commands
 Use of action verbs specific to the field (ie. Art, cooking, science
and technology etc)
 Use of text connectives to indicate the sequence of steps (if not
numbered)
 Use of adverbials and dependent clause to express important
details such as place, extent, manner
 Use of dependent clauses to express conditions, reasons,
consequences, warnings etc. in more compelx procedures
 Action verbs, adverbials
Goal
Materials
Steps
Making the Cover of My Portfolio
Large sheet of art paper
Blue ecicol dye
Oil pastel crayons
Cardboard pieces
Yellow, green, orange and red acrylic paint
1. Paint a blue background on a large sheet of art
paper using bule edicol dye
2. Fold art paper in half
3. Draw three waratahs using red oilpastel crayons on
the right side of the art paper
4. Dip different lengthed cardboard strips into paint to
make the line patterns of the Banksia, the
Bottlebrush, leaves and stems
5. Dip the tip of your little finger into the yellow paint
and print the Wattle
6. Paste wood glue all over your artworl to make it
shiny
Action
Verbs
(commands)
Action Verbs
(based on the
field)
Using
Adverbials to
express
importnat
details
Using
numbers to
sequence
exercise
CREATE A WRITTEN PROCEDURE TEXT EXPRESSING YOUR EXPERIENCE
PICTURE 1
PICTURE 2
The water cycle
Recycling Glass Bottles
New glass bottles are made mainly of silica sand. The
sand is melted in a furnace, at a very high
temperature. Recycled glass bottles are made in a
very similar way, but cost less and use up fewer
natural resources.
What happens to the old glass bottles?
The process begins when people take their used
bottles and jars to a bottle bank. Next, the bottles and
jars are taken by lorry to the recycling plant. At the
plant, bottle tops and lids are removed. After that, the
glass is crushed into small pieces.
Where does the crushed glass go?
The crushed glass is then sent by lorry to a bottle
factory. Here, it is mixed with a small amount of
silica sand. It is then melted in a furnace, at a lower
temperature than new glass.
How are the new recycled bottles made?
Finally, the hot liquid glass is drawn out of the
furnace and fed into machinery that makes it into
bottles.
Recycled glass is as pure and as strong as new glass.
Glass can be recycled many times without losing its
quality.
The water cycle is also known as the hydrological cycle. There is the same
amount of water on the Earth now as there was when the Earth began. The
water cycle is how the earth's water recycles itself.
The cycle includes precipitation, evaporation, condensation, and
transpiration. Earth's water keeps changing from liquid water to vapour and
then back again. This cycle happens because of the sun's heat and gravity.
How does the Water Cycle work?
1. First of all, water molecules from lakes, rivers, streams, reservoirs, and
the sea get heated up by the sun and then turn into vapour that rises into the
air.
2. Next, these water molecules form into clouds, this is because a process
called condensation occurs.
3. When the air and the water cool, they form drops of water which then
fall to the earth as rain. If they are frozen, they become snow or sleet.
4. Once the water reaches the ground, it can flow across the land until it
reaches rivers, lakes, streams, or the sea.
It can also sink into the ground and flow because of gravity through gaps in
rock, gravel and sand. Because of this, it reaches these bodies of water too.
5. Now the cycle begins again, when water is evaporated once more.
Why is water important?
Many of us think water will always be there for us when we want
it. Without water, living things would die. You will die if you go without
water for more than a week. Plants will die without water and that would
kill all of the animals that eat the plants.
explanation
Definition – any spoken or written text
explaining how things happen.
Examples:
how something occur ????
why something happened ???
why things are alike or different ???
how to solve a problem ???
Features of explanation
Generic structure:
• A general statement about the event or thing
• A series of paragraphs that tell the hows and whys
• A concluding paragraph
Language features:
• Technical language
• Words that show cause and effect
• Use of the timeless present tense
Question in
the heading
introduction
Explanation:
how and
why
Conclusion
What causes weather?
Weather is the physical condition of the atmosphere
at a particular time. It includes temperature, air
preasure and water content.
Weather is produced when air moves from place to
place. This moving air is known as wind. Winds are
caused by warm air rising and cooler air moving in
to replace it. Warm air is usually less dense (lighter)
than cool air; therefore, it creates low air pressure.
Cool air is more dense (heavier) and creates high air
pressure.
Usually we have fine weather when the air pressure
is high and clouds, rain or snow when the air
pressure drops.
Use of technical
terms
Words showing
how and why
Words showing
timeless present
tense
Generic terms