Transcript lecture35

NATS 101
Lecture 35
Penultimate Day Review
Quiz Answer Keys
• Answer keys for all of the quizzes (except
the upcoming one!) will be posted on the
homepage sometime this afternoon.
• The old quizzes are very useful study guide
since 40 questions on the Final Exam will
be verbatim copies of prior quiz questions.
• And speaking of the Final Exam…
Final Exam Exemptions
• During class on Wednesday, 7 Dec 2005,
written statements will be issued to students
who earned an exemption from the final per
criteria in the course syllabus.
• To qualify for an exception, a student must
have accumulated a total of 126 or more
correct answers on all of their in class
quizzes and pop quizzes.
90%  140 (7 quizzes  20 questions) = 126!
Final Exam Exemptions
• The student must attend class on that day to
receive their written exemption.
• This will be only time and place that
exemptions will be issued.
• While this might seem overly intolerant,
it keeps the situation manageable for me.
No Show Wednesday = No Exemption!
Final Exam Exemptions
• In lieu of taking the final exam, a qualified
student can chose to hand in their exception
statement with their signature immediately
following class on 7 Dec 2005.
• This is the only procedure that a student can
use to “cash in” their exemption.
NO EXCEPTIONS!
(So Please…Don’t Even Ask)
Final Exam Exemptions
• A tally of those students who qualify for an
exemption will be complete by next class.
• If you believe you have qualified for an
exception but your name is not announced
next class, then you must prove the mistake.
• You do this by coming to my office ASAP.
• Bring all of your graded quizzes. I can then
verify if a mistake was made and issue, if
needed, an exception (and apology!).
How to Challenge Your Final Grade
• Keep all of your graded quizzes until the
beginning of next term. Why?
• It is your only proof that a mistake was
made on your final grade.
• It is your burden to prove a mistake.
How to Challenge Your Final Grade
• If you believe a mistake was made, then
come to my office early next semester and
bring all of your graded quizzes.
• I can then verify whether mistake was made
and issue, if necessary, a grade change and a
major suck-up apology!
Review Topics Chapter 1
• Weather Maps
– Surface Plots/Maps
– Upper Air Plots/Maps
• Atmospheric Composition
– Primary Gases
– Trace Gases
• Vertical Structure
– Height  Pressure, Density, Temperature
– Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, etc.
Review Topics Chapter 2 and 3
• Temperature
– Scales, Molecular Meaning
• Heat Transfer
– Conduction, Convection, Radiation
• Radiation
– Wien’s Law, Stephan-Boltzmann Law
• Greenhouse Effect
– Selective absorption and emission
Review Topics Chapter 2 and 3
• Diurnal Temperature Range
– Time of Maximum and Minimum
– Heat Balance Relationships and Time Lag
• Seasons
– Primary Cause: Tilt of Earth’s Axis
• Length of Day, Beam Spreading
– Heat Balance and Time Lag
Review Topics Chapter 4
• Moisture
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Partial Pressure, Saturation Vapor Pressure
How Water Vapor is Measured and Parameters
How Condensation Occurs
Latent Heat Release
• Clouds
– Fog Types and Mechanisms
– Cloud Types: Height and Vertical Development
Review Topics Chapter 5
• Stability
– Stable, Unstable, Conditionally Unstable
– Dry and Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rates,
– Environmental Lapse Rate and Stability
• Precipitation Processes
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Collision-Coalescence, Warm Clouds
Ice Crystal Process, Mixed Clouds
Accretion (Riming)-Splintering-Aggregation
Rain, Freezing Rain, Sleet, Snow
Review Topics Chapter 6
• Atmospheric Pressure
– Ideal Gas Law
– Reduction of Surface Pressure to Sea Level
• Surface Maps, Upper Air Maps
– Surface  Isobars at Mean Sea Level
– Upper Air  Heights of Isobaric Surfaces
Review Topics Chapter 6
• Newton Law
– Accelerated Frame of Reference
– Coriolis Force
– Geostrophic Balance and Winds
• Surface Winds, Vertical Motion
– Friction
– Curved Flow  Gradient Wind
– Divergence-Convergence Vertical Motion
Review Topics Chapter 7
• Diurnal Winds
– Land-Sea Breeze
– Mountain-Valley Breeze
– Thermally Direct Circulation
• Monsoons: Annual Reversal Wind
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Analogue of Land-Sea Breeze
Asia Monsoon Strongest
Mexican Monsoon
Thermally Direct Circulation
Review Topics Chapter 7
• Global Circulation
– Equator-Pole Temperature Difference
– Thermally Direct Circulation
– 3-Cell Circulation  Earth’s Rotation
• Hadley, Ferrell, Polar
• Relation to Climate Zones
• Air-Sea Interactions
– Upwelling
– El Nino
Review Topics Chapter 8
• Air Masses
– Classified by Source Region
• Continental-Maritime, Tropics-Polar
– Characteristic Weather
• Fronts
– Types: Cold, Warm, Stationary, Occluded
– Characteristic Weather and Structure
Review Topics Chapter 8
• Midlatitude Cyclones
– Caused by Temperature Gradients
– Role of Upper-Level Divergence
– Structure
• Trough tilts toward the west with increasing height
Review Topics Chapter 9
• Weather Forecasting
– Simple Types
• Persistence, Trend, Analog Climatology
– Numerical Weather Prediction
• Computer models
• Why all Forecasts Go Awry
– NWP shortcomings
– Chaos
Review Topics Chapter 10
• Thunderstorms
– Types: Air Mass, Severe, Supercell
– Role of Downdraft
– Climatology
• Lightning and Thunder
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In-Cloud versus Cloud-to-Ground
Sequence for Cloud-to-Ground Stroke
Cause of Thunder
Speed of Sound
Review Topics Chapter 10
• Tornadoes
– Cause
• Tilting of Rotation from horizontal to vertical axis
– Characteristic Weather
– Climatology
– Damage
Review Topics Chapter 11
• Hurricanes
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Cause: Energy from Warm Ocean
Structure
Development Sequence
Climatology
Damage
• Winds, Rain Flooding, Coastal Storm Surge
Review Topics Chapter 12
• Air Pollution
– Primary Pollutants
• CO, NO, SO2, VOC’s, PM
– Secondary Pollutants
• H2SO4, NHO3, NO2, O3, SMOG
– Pollution Weather
• Inversion, Weak Winds, Sunny, Hot
• Ventilation Factor
– Acid Rain
• pH Rain (5.6 Pristine)
Review Topics Chapter 12
• Ozone Hole
– Natural balance of stratospheric ozone
– How CFC ‘s disrupt balance- chlorine atoms
• CFC Sources, Resident Time
– Special conditions exist in Antarctica
– Annual cycle of Ozone Hole
Review Topics Chapter 14
• Natural Climate Variability
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Climate always changes
Use proxy data to reconstruct past climate
CO2-temperature relationship
Mechanisms of climate change
• Milankovich Theory of Ice Ages
• Continental Drift on Geologic Time Scales
– Complexity of climate
– Positive and Negative Feedback
Review Topics Chapter 14
• Anthroprogenic Climate Variability
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Confident of warming past 150 years
How much (if any) is man-made?
Mechanism: CO2 and Greenhouse effect
Use climate models to produce future climates
1% per annum CO2 increases produce
• 2C temperature rise
• Precipitation much more uncertain
– Key policy and planning questions?
Assignment Next Lecture
• Announce Final Exemptions
• Overview of Final Exam
• Information on “What Score on Final is
Needed to Improve Course Grade”?
• Student Course Evaluations