Transcript The Atmosphere in Motion

The Atmosphere in Motion
Chapter 10
Section 1: The Atmosphere
Section 2: Earth’s Weather
Section 3: Air Masses and Fronts
The Atmosphere in Motion
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Page 1
The Atmosphere in Motion
The atmosphere protects living things from
harmful doses of ultraviolet radiation and xray radiation
Earth is often referred to as the water planet
Fast moving molecules transfer energy to
slower moving molecules when they bump
into them.
The highest layer of the Atmosphere is the
stratosphere.
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Section 1: The Atmosphere
Vocabulary
• Evaporation: process by which a liquid is
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converted to a gas.
Atmosphere: layer of gasses surrounding
Earth
Aerosols: Solids, such as dust, salt, and
pollen and liquid droplets, such as acids, that
are suspended in the atmosphere.
Water cycle: Never-ending cycle in which
water circulates between Earth’s surface and the
atmosphere. (Hydrosphere)
Affect: to bring about a change in
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Earth’s “Spheres”
• Geosphere: the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust
and outer mantle.
• Hydrosphere: the watery part of the earth's surface, including
oceans, lakes, water vapour in the atmosphere, etc.
• Cryosphere: frozen part of Earth: the frozen part of the
Earth's surface, including the polar ice caps, continental ice
sheets, glaciers, sea ice, and permafrost
• Atmosphere: gas around astronomical object: the mixture
of gases that surrounds an astronomical object such as the
Earth
• Biosphere: planet Earth and its life: the whole area of
Earth's surface, atmosphere, and sea that is inhabited by
living things
Section 1: The Atmosphere
Atmosphere
Provides Earth
with all of
the gasses
necessary for life
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Protects living things
against harmful doses
of ultraviolet and
x-ray radiation
Absorbs warmth
from the Sun
Section 1: The Atmosphere
80%
• I. Examples of Aerosols
70%
60%
Gasses
– A. Solids
• 1. dust
• 2. salt
• 3. pollen
50%
40%
30%
20%
– B. Tiny liquid droplets
10%
0%
Nitrogen
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Oxygen
• 1. Acids
Section 1: The Atmosphere
Layers of the Atmosphere: Page 4
Exosphere: Contains few atoms
No clear boarder with
space
Ionosphere: contains electrically charged
500 km
particles: Special part of the atmosphere found
with the thermosphere.
Thermosphere: Can reach temperatures of
85 km
1,700 degrees Celsius
Mesosphere: contains little ozone, so it
absorbs little heat
Stratosphere: contains ozone layer
50 km
Troposphere: Contains nearly all of
Earth’s clouds and weather
Earth’s Surface
0 km
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10 km
Section 1: The Atmosphere
Water Cycle: Page 4
• http://www.sweetwater.org/edu
cation/watercycle.swf
Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation
Runoff
The Atmosphere in Motion
Section 2: Vocabulary
• Condensation: process of changing from a gas to a
liquid
• Humidity: amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.
• Dew point: temperature at which air is saturated with
water vapor and condensation can occur.
• Relative humidity: measure of the amount of water
vapor in the air compared with the amount that could be
held at a specific temperature.
• Indicate: make known or show; to be or give a sign of
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Section 2: Earth’s Weather
Difference Between Weather and Climate
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Weather
Weather describes whatever is happening outdoors in a given place at a
given time. Weather is what happens from minute to minute. The weather
can change a lot within a very short time. For example, it may rain for an
hour and then become sunny and clear. Weather is what we hear about on
the television news every night. Weather includes daily changes in
precipitation, barometric pressure, temperature, and wind conditions in a
given location. What is your weather like today?
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Climate
Climate describes the total of all weather occurring over a period of years in
a given place. This includes average weather conditions, regular weather
sequences (like winter, spring, summer, and fall), and special weather
events (like tornadoes and floods). Climate tells us what it's usually like in
the place where you live. San Diego is known as having a mild climate, New
Orleans a humid climate, Buffalo a snowy climate, and Seattle a rainy
climate. How would you describe the climate where you live?
Section 2: Earth’s Weather
Weather Factors: page 6
Cloud Cover
Temperature
Wind Speed
Weather
Factors
Air
Pressure
Wind
Direction
Humidity
Section 2: Earth’s Weather
Energy’s Movement: Page 6
3. Cool air pushes
warm air
upward,
creating a
Convection Current
2. Air at the surface is
heated by
conduction
Earth’s Surface
1. Earth’s surface is warmed by radiant energy from the Sun.
Earth’s Weather
Clouds: Page 7
Class
Low
Altitude
2,000 m
or below
Medium 2,000 m8,000 m
High
Above
8,000 m
Examples
Cumulus,
stratus,
nimbostratus
Altocumulus,
altostratus
Cirrus,
cirrostratus
A type that
can extend
from low to
high:
cumulonimbus
Section 2: Earth’s Weather
Precipitation: page 7
Precipitation
1. rain
2. freezing rain
3. sleet
4. snow
5. hail
Connect It!
• How does conduction
warm bare feet when
a person walks on hot
sand along a beach?
Heat from the hot sand
is transferred to the
cooler bare feet as
contact is made.
Section 2:
Earth’s
Weather
Wind Belts
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Section 2: Earth’s Weather Wind Belts Page 7
• Question: What are global wind belts?
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Answer: The global wind belts are formed by two main factors: the
unequal heating of the earth by sunlight and the earth's spin.
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The unequal heating makes the tropical regions warmer than the polar
regions. As a result, there is generally higher pressure at the poles and
lower at the equator.
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Wind flows from high to low pressure. So the atmosphere tries to send the
cold air toward the equator at the surface and send warm air northward
toward the pole at higher levels.
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The atmosphere breaks into three zones between the equator and each
pole.
These form the six global wind belts:
1) The Tradewinds, which blow from the northeast (NH) and southeast SH),
are found in the subtropic regions from about 30 degrees latitude to the
equator.
2) The Prevailing Westerlies (SW in NH and NW in SH) which blow in the
middle latitudes. Most of North America fits into this belt and that is why our
weather usually comes from west.
3) The Polar Easterlies which blow from the east in the polar regions. 60
degrees latitude.
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Temperature differences between land, air, and water
• Water has a much higher heat capacity that do sands or other land
materials, so water temperature will increase less than land temperature.
• Water's high heat capacity prevents rapid changes in water temperature
at night .
• Air above the land and water surfaces is warmed or cooled by
conduction with those surfaces. During the day, the warmer land
temperature results in a warmer (therefore less dense and lighter) air
mass above the coast as compared with the air mass over the surface of
water.
• As the warmer air rises by convection, cooler air is drawn from the ocean
. The warmer air mass returns to sea at higher levels to complete a
convective cell. During the day, there is usually a cooling sea breeze
blowing from the ocean to the shore. The greater the temperature
differences between land and sea, the stronger the land breezes and sea
breezes.
• After sunset, the air mass above the land quickly loses heat while the air
mass above the water generally remains much closer to it's daytime
temperature. When the air mass above the land becomes cooler than the
air mass over water, the wind direction and convective cell currents
reverse and the land breeze blows from land out to sea.
• Land breezes and sea breezes result in elevated humidity levels, high
precipitation, and temperature moderation in coastal areas.
Global Patterns: Jet Stream
• Jet streams are fast flowing, relatively narrow air
currents found in the atmosphere at around 12
km above the surface of the Earth, just under the
tropopause.
• Ocean Currents
Section 3: Air Masses and Fronts
Vocabulary
• Thunderstorm: storm produced by a cumulonimbus
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cloud that has lightening and thunder.
Air mass: large body of air that develops over a
particular region of Earth’s surface.
Front: boundary that develops where air masses of
different temperatures collide.
Tornado: violent whirling wind, usually less than 200
m in diameter, that travels a narrow path over land and
can be highly destructive.
Hurricane: large storm that begins as an area of low
pressure over tropical oceans.
Occur: to happen; to take place
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Section 3: Air Masses and Fronts: Page 9
• Air masses that
remain in one
area for a few
days pick up the
characteristics
of that area.
For example, an
air mass that
stays over a
tropical ocean
will become
warm and
moist.
Type of
Front
How it forms
Cold Front
Cold, dense air mass
advances and pushes under
warm air mass; the warm air
is forced to rise.
Warm Front
Warm air advances into
region of colder air, the warm,
less dense air slides up and
over the colder air.
Stationary
Front
Warm air mass and cold air
mass meet but neither
advances.
Occluded
Front
Fast-moving cold front
overtakes a slower warm
front.
Section 3: Air Masses and Fronts: Page 9
High and Low Pressure Centers.
Low
Pressure
forms
High
Pressure
forms
Air
Sinks
Moisture
In air
cannot
Condense
Air is dry
with few
clouds
Air flows Moisture
In air
In and
Condenses
Rises
Clouds
Form;
Precipitation
follows
Section 3: Air Masses and Fronts: Page 10
Severe Weather
Thunderstorms
Tornadoes
Both
precipitation
Whirling winds
Develop from
Cumulonimbus
thunder
Clouds
Move along
narrow paths
Form along
lightning
cold fronts
Winds up to
500 km/hour
Section 3: Air Masses and Fronts: Page 10
Severe Weather: Hurricanes
1. Wind gusts can exceed 250 km/h. Wind
gusts cause most of the damage to
buildings.
2. Storm surge is a dome of water driven
onto land by the clockwise motion of the
storm. Most of the deaths caused by
hurricanes are drownings.
3. Beach erosion is caused by the action of
water and wind combined. Beaches can
be washed away or transported inland.
Sun Exposure
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Do Not Burn
Five or more sunburns significantly increases your risk of developing skin cancer.
Avoid Sun Tanning and Tanning Beds
UV light from tanning beds and the sun causes skin cancer and wrinkling. If you want
to look like you’ve been in the sun, consider using a sunless self-tanning product, but
continue to use sunscreen with it.
Generously Apply Sunscreen
Generously apply sunscreen to all exposed skin using a Sun Protection Factor (SPF)
of at least 15 that provides broad-spectrum protection from both ultraviolet A (UVA)
and ultraviolet B (UVB) rays. Reapply every two hours, even on cloudy days, and
after swimming or sweating.
Wear Protective Clothing
Wear protective clothing, such as a long-sleeved shirt, pants, a wide-brimmed hat,
and sunglasses, where possible.
Seek Shade
Seek shade when appropriate remembering that the sun’s UV rays are strongest
between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Remember the shadow rule when in the sun: Watch Your
Shadow. No Shadow, Seek Shade!
Use Extra Caution Near Water, Snow and Sand
Water, snow and sand reflect the damaging rays of the sun, which can increase your
chance of sunburn
Watch for the UV Index
The UV Index provides important information to help you plan your outdoor activities
in ways that prevent overexposure to the sun. Developed by the National Weather
Service (NWS) and EPA, the UV Index is issued daily in selected cities across the
United States.
Get Vitamin D Safely
Get vitamin D safely through a diet that includes vitamin supplements and foods
fortified with Vitamin D. Don’t seek the sun.