Transcript GACE Science Review Study Session

GACE Science Review
Study Session
Presented By: Tonya Clarke and
Joe E. Hart
[email protected]
[email protected]
Overview
Scientific Method
 Characteristics and Processes of science
 Earth Science
 Physical Science
 Life Science
 Health and Safety
 Basic PE Principles
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Scientific Method
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Observation
Problem
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Hypothesis
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Create an experimental plan
Recording
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An educated guess based on previous knowledge and
experiences
Experiment
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Formed as a question, based on observation
Record observations, quantitative or qualitative
Data Analysis
Conclusion
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Refers back to hypothesis; not about proving hypothesesabout supporting or disproving hypotheses
Characteristics and Processes of Science
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Values of Science
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Curiosity
honesty
Openness
Skepticism
Reliance on verifiable evidence
Scientific Inquiry
Characteristics and Processes of Science
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Data Collection and Analysis
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Always include units
Choose appropriate table for collecting data
(tally table, chart, etc.)
Choose appropriate table for presenting data
(bar graph, circle graph, charts, tables, etc.)
Verify data
Science Tools and Equipment
Balances
 Weights
 Magnifying Glass (Hand Lenses)
 Microscope
 Thermometers
 Spring Scales (measure force)
 Petri Dishes
 Beakers
 GOGGLES!
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Science Safety
No food or drinks.
 Always wear goggles. (sterilize between)
 Be organized.
 No loose clothing or hair.
 Students should not clean up broken
glass.
 Clean up with soap and water.
 http://membership.acs.org/c/ccs/pubs/K6_art_2.pdf
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Earth Science
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Solar System and Universe
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Planets
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revolve around sun on elliptical paths
 each revolution is 1 year on that planet
 1 year on Earth is 365 ¼ days (leap year)
 causes seasons
 Earth is tilted on its axis so that certain hemispheres
receive more light from the sun during different times of
the year
 seasons in northern and southern halves of the earth are
reversed (summer in USA is winter in Australia)
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rotate on axes (some vertical, some horizontal, Earth’s
diagonal)
 each rotation is one day on that planet
 Earth rotates once every 24 hours
 At any one time, the half of the Earth pointed toward the Sun
experience day, the other half point away experiences night
Earth Science
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Moon
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Revolves around the Earth
The half of the moon facing the Sun always reflects light
As the moon moves, different amounts of lighted and
dark parts of the moon face the Earth
The moon goes through 4 major phases
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New Moon (can’t see at all)
1st Quarter (goes from new to waxing crescent to 1st)
Full Moon (goes from 1st to waxing gibbous to full)
3rd Quarter (goes from full to waning gibbous to 3rd)
New (goes from 3rd to waning crescent to New)
Earth Science
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Eclipse
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Lunar- when the Earth’s shadow blocks the
moon from reflecting the sun
Solar- when the moon’s shadow blocks the
Earth form seeing the Sun
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only effects a small area
Earth Science
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3 layers of the Earth
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Crust- thin outer layer, rocks are solid
Mantle- thick layer of hot rock (magma)
Core- center of earth
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Outer core- made of hot magma
Inner core- solid ball of iron (due to pressure)
Earth Science
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Minerals
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solid, nonliving, never been alive
identified by characteristics
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color
luster (metallic vs. nonmetallic)
streak (when scratched across porcelain)
shape (of crystal)
hardness (whether it will scratch another)
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hardness scale: 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest)
Softest- talc
Hardest- diamond
Minerals are harder than others if they can scratch the
others
Earth Science
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Rocks
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Classified by how they are formed
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Igneous- formed when magma (melted rock inside
the earth) or lava (melted rock outside the earth)
cools and hardens
 intrusive- formed inside
 obtrusive- formed outside
 granite, obsidian
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Sedimentary- formed when layers of sediment (sand,
dirt, leaves, etc) are squeezed and pressed together
 common under oceans/marine areas
 most likely to have fossils
 sandstone, limestone
Earth Science
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Rocks
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Metamorphic- formed when heat and pressure
change another I, S, or M rock
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made deep in the earth
marble, slate
Rock Cycle
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the process of rocks changing from one type to
another
 sedimentary  igneous or metamorphic or sedimentary
 igneous  igneous or metamorphic or sedimentary
 metamorphic  igneous or metamorphic or
sedimentary
Earth Science
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Fossils
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something that has lasted from a living thing
that died long ago
formed in different ways
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mold- shape of plant or animal left in sediment when
the rock is formed
cast- formed when mud or minerals fill a mold
imprint- molds of leaves or other thin objects
Earth Science
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Water Cycle
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Evaporation- changing of a liquid to gas
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Condensation- changing of gas to liquid
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water evaporates from rivers, lakes, streams,
oceans, etc.
water condensates into clouds
Precipitation- water falls as rain, sleet, snow,
or hail
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when cloud becomes “full”, the water falls
some falls to land
some to bodies of water
Earth Science
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Weather
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What is happening in the atmosphere are a
certain place
Atmosphere- the air surrounding Earth; has
layers
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troposphere- late where we live; temps drop as you
go higher; temps near top are -80 degrees C
stratosphere- contains ozone; where some long
distance jets fly;
mesosphere- temps lower than -120 degrees C
thermosphere- temps higher than 2000 degrees C
Earth Science
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Weather
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Fronts- a place where two air masses of
differing temps meet
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Cold front: cold air bumps hot air; pushes warm air
up quickly; tall clouds, thunderstorms, windy, rainy,
move fast, temperature drop after rain
Warm front: warm air bumps cold air; warm air
pushed up gently by cold air; long periods of gentle
rain, light winder; temperature rises after rain
Weather instruments
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thermometers
wind anemometer (wind speed)
barometer (air pressure
Earth Science
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Weather
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Clouds
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cumulus- puffy clouds; largest ones form into
thunderstorms
cirrus- wispy and featherlike; in high altitudes; made
of ice crystals
stratus- layered clouds; common to see during gentle
and continuous rain
Earth Science
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Weathering
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the way rocks are broken down into smaller pieces
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caused by:
 wind
 water (flowing and freezing)
 plants (roots)
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Erosion
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the movement of weathered rock and soil
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caused by:
 creep (slow movement dur to gravity)
 water
 wind
Physical Science
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Properties of Matter
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matter- anything that takes up space
solids- takes up a specific amount of space and has
definite shape (particles packed tightly, do not move
much)
liquids- volume stays the same, but it can change its
shape (particles more loosely arranged, slide past each
other)
gasses- no definite space or volume (particles are not
connected, move in straight lines until something
bounces it in another direction [like Pong!])
atoms- the basic building blocks of matter
Physical Science
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Changes to Matter
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Physical Changes
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changes to matter in which no new kinds of matter
are formed
cutting, gluing, writing on paper….
changing temperature
Chemical Changes
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changes that form different kinds of matter
cooking foods (flour, eggs, milk, and oil makes
pancakes)
burning
rusting
Physical Science
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Mixtures
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substance that contains two or more different
types of matter
matter can be separated
Solutions
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mixture in which the particles of different kinds
of matter mix together evenly
can’t be separated by hand
Physical Science
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Elements
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atoms that are all the same
type is determined by the number of protons
(atomic number)
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Molecules
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protons- positively charged particles
electrons- negatively charge particles
neutrons- particles with no charge
combinations of atoms that are bonded
Density
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amount of matter in a given volume
Physical Science
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Energy
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energy amount in universe is constant
energy transfers and changes forms, but does
not disappear
the ability to cause change
allows movement in the world
types of energy
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heat (thermal energy)
light
potential energy (energy object has because fo where
it is)
kinetic energy (movement)
Physical Science
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Energy
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Types of Energy
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solar
geothermic
electrical
wind energy
Fuels
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something that can be burned for energy
fossil fuels- fuels made from living things from long
ago (oil, natural gas, coal)
Physical Science
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Energy
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Energy Waves
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some forms of energy (light and sound) move in
waves
waves can be up-and-down (like a rope) or backand-forth (like a coil)
measured from crest to crest
Physical Science
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Light
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Sound
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moves as waves (rope waves)
travels faster than sound
moves as waves
caused by vibrating waves of air
travels slower than light
Electricity
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moves through closed circuits
stored in batteries
generated in many ways
Physical Science
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Heat
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thermal energy
conduction- movement of heat when objects touch each
other
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conductors- allow heat transfer easily (metals)
insulators- do not allow heat transfer easily (oven mitts,
house insulation, clothing, etc)
convection- movement of hear though liquids or gases
radiation- movement of heat without objects touching
each other (solar radiation)
caused by:
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friction
chemical interaction
burning
Physical Science
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Forces
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a push or a pull
cause motion (a change in position)
gravity is the force that pulls objects toward
each other
weight- measurement of the pull of gravity on
an object
work- the measure of force it takes to move an
object (no movement = no force)
Physical Science
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Simple Machines
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make work easier
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inclined plane (flat surface at an angle- ramp, stairs,
escalator)
lever (bar that moves on a fixed point- seesaw,
scissors)
pulley (rope over a wheel- flagpole)
wedge (2 inclined planes stuck back to back)
screw (inclined plane wrapped around a pencilscrew, drill)
wheel and axle (pencil sharpeners)
Life Science
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Plants
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Needs
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Parts
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light, water, air, soil
roots, stem, leaves
simple plants- no roots, no stem, no leaves
Plant Cells
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nucleus
cell membrane
cell wall
vacuole
chloroplast
cytoplasm
Life Science
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Plants
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Seeds
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usually large number in plant, surrounded by
protective features
germinate- small plants breaks out of seed
seedling- young plant
Seed parts-seedling, seed coat, stored food
Photosynthesis
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process of plants making food
takes in carbon dioxide, sunlight, water
chlorophyll uses these things to make sugar and
oxygen
Life Science
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Animals
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Needs
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air
water
food
shelter
Animal Cells
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nucleus
cell membrane
vacuoles
cytoplasm
Life Science
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Animal Traits
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Mammals
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gills to lungs, moist skin, eggs
Fish
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lungs, feathers, eggs
Amphibians
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lungs, fur/hair, live births
Birds
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inherited- passed down from parents
traits- inherited body features
gills, scales, eggs
Reptiles
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lungs, dry skin covered by scales, eggs and live births
Life Science
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Animal Behaviors
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instincts
hibernation
migration
camouflage
mimicry
Life Cycles
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Butterfly
Frog
Human
Life Science
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Ecosystems
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the living and nonliving things in an
environment
population- a group of the same kind of living
things that live in the same place at the same
time
community- all the populations that live in an
ecosystem
habitat- place where a population live in an
ecosystem
Life Science
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Food Webs
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producers- makes its own food
consumers- eats other living things as food
herbivores- eat only plants
carnivores- eat only meat
omnivores- eat both plants and meat
decomposer- breaks down dead things for food
food chain- explains how energy moves
through the environment
predator- hunts another animal for food
prey- animal that is hunted
Good Science Websites
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http://www.internet4classrooms.com/science_ele
m.htm (General science)
http://www.nsta.org/elementaryschool (NSTA
Wesbite)
www.chem4kids.com (Chemistry Review)
http://www.brainpop.com/science/seeall/ (All
Topics
)
http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forkids/kidsclub/fl
ash/index.html (NASA)
http://www.pbs.org/science/
Health and Safety
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Body Systems
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Skeletal
Nervous
Digestive
Circulatory
Respiratory
Nutrition
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Food pyramid
Fats, carbohydrates, protein,
Health and Safety
Communicable diseases- contagious
 Non-communicable- not contagious
 Interpersonal Relationships
 Character Development
 Substance Abuse
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medicine
factors leading to substance abuse
strategies for resisting alcohol, tobacco
products, or other drugs
Basic PE Principles
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Fitness
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cardiovascular endurance
muscular strength
flexibility
Movement
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locomotor, nonlocomoter, manipulative