Transcript Diapositive 1

NO Chemtrails - NO SAG (Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering)
Novel strategies to slow climate change
and fight global warming
New ideas (5) on how to cool Gaïa
Enhancement of atmospheric convection
to increase outgoing long wave radiation
Read the open source paper: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.032
MING Tingzhen, de_RICHTER Renaud, LIU Wei, and CAILLOL Sylvain. Fighting global warming by climate
engineering: Is the Earth radiation management and the solar radiation management any option for fighting
climate change? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, vol. 31, p. 792-834.
The concepts of Atmospheric Convection
Management and Earth Radiation Management
GHGs act as very good insulators that prevent heat to escape from the
planet atmosphere to the outer space.
Taking the example of a house/building: to have a good insulation, a thick
insulator layer is indeed needed (to prevent convection), but it is also
necessary to prevent thermal bridges (conduction process).
In the case of the Earth, it is the contrary that is needed!
Gaïa experiences global warming because the insulation provided by
GHGs is too good and too powerful.
A solution to cool down the planet can be to create “IR thermal shortcuts”
or “radiative thermal bridges”, and “convection bridges or shortcuts”
between the surface and altitude in order to allow the IR to be evacuated
out to space.
Atmospheric convection enhancement (i.e. increasing natural convection
by atmospheric vortex engines, solar chimneys, energy towers, …)
increases the amount of heat transferred from surface to outer space.
Earth Radiation management (i.e. increasing outgoing thermal heat
radiation by clear sky cooling by the atmospheric window, heat pipe
thermosyphons, …) aims to transfer heat from surface to outer space.
Geoengineering Solar Radiation Management prevents incoming solar
radiation from reaching the Earth surface by modifying the albedo.
Targets for
Image from http://geoengineering.weebly.com/pivotal-article.html
ACM, ERM and SRM
Read the open source review that can be accessed at:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.032
And listen to a 5 minute audio slide show by the authors
http://audioslides.elsevier.com//ViewerLarge.aspx?source
=1&doi=10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.032
SRM also called Sunlight Reflection Methods
SRM Targets
ERM Targets
CDR & GHGR
Targets ≠ CCS
ACM Targets
Solar radiation management SRM and Carbon dioxide removal CDR are considered Geoengineering.
CDR is complementary from Carbon capture and sequestration CCS. Greenhouse gas removal GHGR targets the
other GHGs (CH4, N2O, CFCs, etc.). SRM targets short wave radiation. Earth radiation management ERM
targets long wave radiation. Atmospheric convection management ACM aims to enhance natural atmospheric
convection processes… Like ERM, as a result, ACM increases heat release to the outer space and cools the Earth
A way to Cool the Earth, is to favor technologies that
increase the outgoing long wave radiation, this is possible by
Atmospheric Convection Management (ACM)
Conceptual illustration of a vortex engine
by Louis Michaud
Schematic representation
of a solar updraft tower
Enhancing atmospheric convection
will allow more long wave heat radiation
energy to escape to the outer space.
Atmospheric Vortex Engines
(AVEs) are able to produce
artificial tornados
Natural Vortices
Slide copied from http://vortexengine.ca/
Fire whirls
Hurricane
Tornado
Waterspout
Man made vortices
and fire whirls
Deliberate Fire whirls
Source: Nate Smith
Artificial tornado at
the Mercedes-Benz
Museum in Stuttgart,
Germany
http://www.autoblog.com/photos/mercedesbenz-museum-tornado/
Slide copied from http://vortexengine.ca/
Hurricanes act like "heat engines"
Hurricanes cool the ocean by acting like "heat engines" that
transfer heat from the ocean surface to the atmosphere through evaporation.
Cooling is also caused by upwelling of cold water from below due to the
suction effect of the low-pressure center of the storm.
Additional cooling may come from cold water from raindrops that remain on
the ocean surface for a time. Image Jenny Wu and Bill Lau, Climate and Radiation Branch, NASA-GSFC.
http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/6000/6223/gulfofmex.TRM2005aug_lrg.gif
Vertical profile of temperature and
salinity profile 1 day before till 2.5 days
after hurricane Frances passage.
Multiple causes to sea surface cooling
Vincent et al investigated the processes controlling the sea surface cooling
induced by Tropical Cyclones using an ocean general circulation model
forced from reconstructed wind perturbations associated with more than
3000 observed Tropical Cyclones over the 1978–2007 period.
Vincent E.M., et al. "Processes setting the characteristics of sea surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2012), 117.C2.
http://www.normalesup.org/~emvincent/papers/Vincent_2012_JGR_CW_processes.pdf
In reality hurricane’s energy, including kinetic energy of small eddies and the
released latent heat is transported far away from the hurricane area. It
further dissipates to thermal radiation and is emitted to space from an
area much larger than the one occupied by the hurricane and at a
power similar in its order of magnitude to the global mean power of the
absorbed solar radiation.
Makarieva, A. M., Gorshkov, V. G., & Li, B. L. (2008). On the validity of representing hurricanes as Carnot heat engine. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 8(5), 17423-17437.
Hurricanes also bring torrents of fresh water to replenish crops and ground
water. For instance Liu and Weng found that in August 2005 the total
rainwater carried into China’s inland by Typhoon Matsa amounts to about
135 billion tons. The rainfall over the northern China eased severe drought
in summer 2005. Although Matsa caused floodings and heavy damages in
China, the rainwater Matsa transported into the northern parts eased the
drought there and relieved heat waves in summer 2005.
Liu Q. & Weng F. Radiative cooling effect of Hurricane Florence in 2006 and precipitation of Typhoon Matsa in 2005. Atmospheric Science Letters, 2009, 10(2), 122-126.
All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface
temperature over a large area in just a few days (see figures previous slide and next slide).
Sea surface temperature effect of hurricanes Isabel & Fabian
as observed from satellite, before and after their passage
Before
After Isabel
Cooled area
After Fabian
before Isabel
Chlorophyll concentration
boom after hurricane passage
Source: NASA GSFC
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002800/a002897/
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=378
9 http://www.opened.io/#!/resources/378614
http://wegc203116.unigraz.at/meted/satmet/microwave_topics/overview/media/
flash/sst_atl.swf
Hurricanes modify albedo
At the center of the image hurricane Lili is visible and tropical
storm Kyle is located to the upper right. Lili developed into a
major category 4 hurricane and made land fall over the coast of
Louisiana two days later. Both of these tropical cloud systems
have a tendency to cool the Earth by reflecting a large
amount of sunlight back to space (white and green areas in
the left image)…
Cloud cover also plays a
role in cooling the ocean by
shielding the ocean surface
from direct sunlight before
and slightly after the storm
passage.
http://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/aqua/Aqua_CERES_20021001_small.jpg
Hurricane Isabel from ISS
Hurricanes cool the Earth
Tropical cyclones ease the climate warming because their convective and
cumulus clouds reflect a large portion of the incoming solar radiation
back to space, reducing the radiative heating.
The reflectivity of the clouds is about 70%, much larger than the reflectivity
of oceans of 5%.
But clouds also have the opposite effect: they trap more longwave radiation,
because a cloud absorbs high temperature longwave radiation from the
surface, and reemits relatively low radiation at its colder temperature (cloud
temperature) to space.
Poetzsch- Heffer et al. (1995) studied the radiative effect for various clouds. They found that most clouds have radiative cooling effect except for thin
cirrus cloud. The cloud net radiation forcing is −0.7 W m−2 (IPCC, 2007).
Radiative cooling effect of Hurricane Florence in 2006
Hurricane Florence developed in the sub-tropic Atlantic Ocean on 4
September 2006 and became a hurricane on 10 September 2006.
The hurricane clouds reflect more solar radiation back to space or, in other
words, the Earth-atmospheric system absorbs less solar radiation. In
general, the net radiation cloud forcing during daytime is negative.
In the absence of solar radiation during night time, the net radiation cloud
forcing is positive. The authors then studied the accumulated radiation effect
of the hurricane. Hurricane Florence decreased the energy of
the Earth atmospheric system by about −0.5×1020 J.
Liu, Q., & Weng, F. (2009). Radiative cooling effect of Hurricane Florence in 2006 and precipitation of Typhoon Matsa in 2005. Atmospheric Science
Letters, 10(2), 122-126.
The hurricane as a Carnot heat engine
This two-dimensional plot of the thermodynamic cycle shows a vertical
cross section of the hurricane, whose storm center lies along the left
edge. Colors depict the entropy distribution; cooler colors indicate lower
entropy. The process mainly responsible for driving the storm is the
evaporation of seawater, which transfers energy from sea to air.
Kerry Emanuel, Hurricanes: Tempests in a greenhouse. Physics Today 59(8), 74 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2349743
http://scitation.aip.org/docserver/fulltext/aip/magazine/physicstoday/59/8/1.2349743.pdf
As a result of that transfer, air
spirals inward from A to B and
acquires entropy at a constant
temperature. It then
undergoes an adiabatic
expansion from B to C as it
ascends within the storm’s
eyewall. Far from the storm
center, symbolically
between C and D, it exports
IR radiation to space and so
loses the entropy it acquired
from the sea. The depicted
compression is very nearly
isothermal. Between D and A
the air undergoes an adiabatic
compression. Voilà, the four
legs of a Carnot cycle.
The hurricane as a Carnot heat engine
The figure illustrates the four legs of a hurricane Carnot cycle.
From A to B, air undergoes nearly isothermal expansion as it flows toward
the lower pressure of the storm centre while in contact with the surface of
the ocean, a giant heat reservoir. As air spirals in near the surface,
conservation of angular momentum causes the air to rotate faster about
the storm’s axis. Evaporation of seawater transfers energy from the sea to
the air and increases the air’s entropy.
Once the air reaches the point where the surface wind is strongest—
typically 5–100 km from the centre of the hurricane— it turns abruptly
(point B in the figure) and flows upward within the sloping ring of
cumulonimbus cloud known as the eyewall. The ascent is nearly adiabatic.
In real storms the air flows out at the top of
its trajectory (point C in the figure) and is
incorporated into other weather systems; in
idealized models one can close the cycle by
allowing the heat acquired from the sea
surface to be isothermally radiated to space
as IR radiation from the storm outflow.
Finally, the cycle is completed as air undergoes
adiabatic compression from D to A.
Kerry Emanuel, Hurricanes: Tempests in a greenhouse. Physics Today 59(8), 74
(2006);
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2349743
http://scitation.aip.org/docserver/fulltext/aip/magazine/physicstoday/59/8/1.2349743.pdf
Hurricanes are not all bad and are essential to
maintain certain environmental factors
In spite of their destructive power hurricanes are not all bad and hurricanes
help maintain the heat balance throughout the world and act as safety
valves to release excess energy.
In the tropical areas more heat is received than is being radiated, while in
the North and South poles region, more heat is being radiated into space
than is being received and absorbed. Hurricanes help to keep the balance
of heat and cold by transferring heat accumulated in the tropics and subtropics toward the polar regions, thus distributing the sun’s radiant energy.
Many authors usually attribute hurricane Sea cooling to upwelling and mixing of cold water from
below (D'Asaro E.A. Sanford T.B. Niiler, P.P. & Terrill E.J. Cold wake of hurricane Frances. Geophysical Research Letters, 2007 ,34(15).
But Michaud L. proposes the opposite hypothesis, namely that: “Hurricane sea cooling is almost
entirely due to heat removal from above and not to cold water from below”. Eyewall spray can
increase sea-to-air heat transfer by a factor of 100. Spray provides a mechanism where by the
huge heat content of the sea can quickly be transferred to the lower atmosphere.
The heat content of sea water is much greater than that of air. The heat given up in cooling the
top 100m of the ocean by 1°C is 400 times the heat required to warm the bottom 1 km of the
atmosphere by 1°C. Hurricanes significantly reduce the heat content of the sea and do not
significantly decrease the heat content of the tropical atmosphere. Huge quantities of heat can
be transferred from sea to air through the well understood isenthalpic mixing of spray and air
process. Cooling of spray can account for both hurricane precipitation and sea cooling.
Sunlight reflection
SRM
ERM
ACM
Slide copied from http://vortexengine.ca/
Inventors proposed different configurations
Many scientists have been working on open power
generating systems using as a cold sink the high
atmosphere, allowing heat loss into space.
Those vortex power generators (artificial hurricanes
or tornadoes) utilize as hot sink waste heat or hot
unstable air, rising in a central tower where it turns
blades and powers a generator. Among these
inventors: Edgard Nazare, Louis Michaud, Donald
Cooper, Brian Monrad, Alain Coustou, Paul Alary,
Slobodan Tepic, Valentin Zapata, Evgeniy Aseev,
Mamulashvili, Svetlana Tkachenko, Leonardo A.
Vulcano, and many, many others…
The most advanced project is the AVE
Petrolia 4 m prototype vortex
Video available at:
http://vortexengine.ca/LM6/20080925155414-1.mpg
Illustration by: Charles Floyd
Atmospheric Vortex Engine
Work is produced when heat is carried upward
by convection in the atmosphere because more
work is produced by the expansion of a warm
gas than is required to compress the same gas
after it has been cooled.
For more information visit: http://vortexengine.ca
Contact: Louis Michaud, P. Eng.
President, AVEtec Energy Corporation
1269 Andrew Ct.
Sarnia, Ontario, N7V 4H4
Email: [email protected]
Tel: (519)-542-4464
The Atmospheric Vortex Engine harnesses
work of convection to produce electricity.
The AVE produces perfectly green electrical
energy from low temperature heat
Slide copied from http://vortexengine.ca/
Wet cooling tower AVE – Side view
Capacity approximately 200 MW
Slide copied from http://vortexengine.ca/
Electricity from Atmospheric Convection
Manzanares Solar Chimney
200 m high, 10 m diameter
Collector 0.04 sq. km
50 kW, 130 J/kg, 1 Mg/s
Efficiency 0.2%
Prototype BUILT in Spain 1982 to 1989
EnviroMission Solar Chimney
1 km high, 130 m diameter
Collector 38 sq. km
200 MW, 800 J/kg, 300 Mg/s
Efficiency 1.5%
PROJECTS: Australia, Arizona, Texas…
• The AVE replaces the physical chimney with centrifugal force in a vortex
• The AVE eliminates the solar collector by using waste heat or natural21low
temperature heat sources.
Slide copied from http://vortexengine.ca/
Cooling Towers
Mechanical Draft: $15 million 40 m tall
mechanical draft tower uses 1% to 4% of
power output to drive fans. (uses energy)
Natural Draft: doesn’t need fans
but is 150 m tall and costs $60
million. (saves energy)
Vortex
Starting
Heat
Source
Sub-atmospheric
Heater
(cooling tower)
Cylindrical
wall
Deflector
Restrictor
or Turbine
Vortex Cooling Tower: $15 million
40 m tall to function like a natural
draft tower. (produces energy!)
Vortex Engine
LMM
Atmospheric Vortex Engine
2
Slide copied from http://vortexengine.ca/
Slide copied from http://vortexengine.ca/
CFD Results
Ontario Centre of Excellence (OCE)
and the University of Western Ontario
(UWO) Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel
Laboratory (BLWTL) recently
completed a Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) study of the AVE
Results for a 1 m diameter model
simulation with a domain height of
2 m are shown
Slide copied from http://vortexengine.ca/
Typical Vortex Engine Size
• Circular wall diameter 50 to 200 m
• Circular wall height 30 to 80 m
• Vortex base diameter 20 to 100 m
• Vortex height 1 to 20 km
• Heat input 1000 MW. 20, 50 MW cooling cells
• Electrical output 200 MW. 20, 10 MW turbines
• Specific work 1000 to 20000 J/kg
• Air flow 20 to 100 Mg/s
• Water flow 40 to 200 Mg/s
It is all about upward heat flow
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Energy is produced when water is lowered.
Energy is produced when heat rises.
The energy produced in a large hurricane is more than all the energy produced by
humans in a whole year.
A mid size tornado can produce as much energy as a large power plant.
Atmospheric upward heat convection has an enormous energy production potential
There is no need for a dedicated solar collector. The solar heat collector is the
earth’s surface in its unaltered state.
Slide copied from http://vortexengine.ca/
Advantages of developing an
AVE at a thermal power plant
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•
•
The temperature of the cooling water rejected by thermal power plant (40-50°C) is higher
than the sea water temperature responsible for hurricanes (26-31°C).
Thermal power plants already need cooling towers.
AVE eliminates the need for conventional cooling tower.
AVE technology is similar to thermal power plant technology.
Power plants are in the power production business.
Power plant have appropriate infrastructure: electricity, steam, makeup water etc…
Reduces fuel usage, green house gasses, and pollution.
Thermal power plants are the low hanging fruit and the most logical implementation point
Other waste heat producers such as refineries and petrochemical plants could also be
suitable sites.
Power
• 20 to 30% of power plant waste heat converted to electricity in AVE turbo generators.
• Additional 5% power production from conventional steam turbine as a result of lower
cooling water temperature.
• Additional Power from heat content of ambient air at high power demand times
Environmental Benefit
• Reduce fuel usage
• Reduce CO2 emissions
• Reduce global warming
• Increase local precipitation
• Decrease local temperature – break heat inversions
• Global cooling
• De-pollution
Slide copied from http://vortexengine.ca/