Transcript ES Storms and Climate ppt NOTES fx

Chapt 13,14
STORMS & CLIMATE
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmJ8tXTcCfE
Hurricane Wind Tunnel Video – 3 mins Category 5
Vocab Terms “Storms and Climate”
Chapt 13,14 use mostly Textbook for Definitions this chapter.
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Season
Polar Zone
Tropics
Temperate Zone
Heat Island p368
El Nino
Normal
Ice age
Global warming
Green house Effect
Climatology
Koeppen Classification System
Microclimate
Climate
Drought
Supercell
Tropical Cyclone
Frontal Thunderstorm
Wind Chill Factor
Tornado
Lightning
Use Text p355, 381 to refer other pages for terms.
Use Index and Glossary. Not all mentioned in this ppt.
Severe Storms
Thunderstorms
 A thunderstorm is a storm that generates
lightning and thunder. Thunderstorms
frequently produce gusty winds, heavy rain,
and hail.
1. Skim Learn some more on the DIFFERENT TYPES OF STORMS: Take notes on Monsoons
and Typhoons. http://ghills.metamora.k12.il.us/webquest/5th/storms/storms.htm
Severe Storms
Thunderstorms
 Occurrence of Thunderstorms
• At any given time, there are an estimated 2000
thunderstorms in progress on Earth. The
greatest number occur in the tropics where
warmth, plentiful moisture, and instability are
common atmospheric conditions.
 Development of Thunderstorms
• Thunderstorms form when warm, humid air rises
in an unstable environment.
Stages in the Development
of a Thunderstorm
Thunderstorms
• At any given moment, nearly 2000
thunderstorms are occurring around the
world.
• Some are capable of producing hail the size of
baseballs, swirling tornadoes, and surface
winds of more than 160 km/h.
Formation of Thunderstorms
1. an abundant source of moisture in the lower
levels of the atmosphere.
2. Some mechanism must lift the air so that the
moisture can condense and release latent
heat.
3. The portion of the atmosphere through which
the cloud grows must be unstable.
Stages of Thunderstorms
• A thunderstorm usually has three stages:
1. the cumulus stage,
2. the mature stage,
3. and the dissipation stage.
• The stages are classified according to the
direction in which the air is moving.
Tornados
• violent, whirling column of air in contact with the
ground.
• Before a tornado reaches the ground, it is called
a funnel cloud.
• often associated with supercells.
• The air in a tornado is made visible by dust and
debris drawn into the swirling column, or by the
condensation of water vapor into a visible cloud.
Tornado Formation
– Most tornadoes form in the spring during the
late afternoon and evening, when the
temperature contrasts between polar air and
tropical air are the greatest.
– Tornadoes occur most frequently in a region
called “Tornado Alley,” which extends from
northern Texas through Oklahoma, Kansas,
and Missouri.
Tornado Statistics
– In the United States, an average of 80 deaths
and 1500 injuries result from tornadoes each
year.
– advance warnings may not be possible.
– Signs of an approaching or developing
tornado include dark, greenish skies, a
towering wall of clouds, large hailstones, and
a loud, roaring noise
Fujita tornado intensity scale
• classifies tornadoes according to their path of
destruction, wind speed, and duration. See pic
– ranges from F0, which has winds up to 118
km/h, to F5, which can have winds of more
than 500 km/h.
– Most tornadoes do not exceed F1
– Only about 1% ever reach F4 and F5.
Fujita Tornado Scale
Tornado Damage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztlnZRp1WiE
National Geographic- Tornado Basics and Safety 3 mins.
Tornados
 Tornado Intensity
• Because tornado winds cannot be measured
directly, a rating on the Fujita scale is determined
by assessing the worst damage produced by the
storm.
 Tornado Safety
• Tornado watches alert people to the possibility of
tornadoes in a specified area for a particular time.
• A tornado warning is issued when a tornado has
actually been sighted in an area or is indicated by
weather radar.
Severe Storms
Hurricanes
 Whirling tropical cyclones that produce winds of
at least 74 mph are known in the United States
as hurricanes. Atlantic Ocean Hurricane
season runs - June thru November.
 Occurrence of Hurricanes
• Most hurricanes form between about 5 and 20
degrees north and south latitude. There are 6
lists of names that rotate. Names get retired as
severe hurricanes occur.
Satellite View of Hurricane Floyd
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPbeCHvLx9s
NOAA and NBC2 flies into Tropical Cyclone..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wWyVTPitXI
Preparing your Family for Natural Disasters.. 3 mins
Tropical Cyclones
• large, rotating, low-pressure storms that form
over water during summer and fall in the
tropics.
• known in the United States and other parts of
the Atlantic Ocean as hurricanes.
• Occur in tropical oceans except the South
Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean west of
the South American Coast.
Conditions for formation of Hurricanes
• An abundant supply of very warm ocean
water
• Some sort of disturbance to lift warm air and
keep it rising
– most frequently in the late summer and early
fall, when Earth’s oceans contain their
greatest amount of stored heat energy.
Severe Storms
Hurricanes
 Development of Hurricanes
• Hurricanes develop most often in the late
summer when water temperatures are warm
enough to provide the necessary heat and
moisture to the air.
• The eye is a zone of scattered clouds and calm
averaging about 20 kilometers in diameter at the
center of a hurricane.
• The eye wall is a doughnut-shaped area of
intense cumulonimbus development and very
strong winds that surrounds the eye of a
hurricane.
Severe Storms
Hurricanes
 Hurricane Intensity
• The intensity of a hurricane is described using
the Saffir-Simpson scale Categories 1-5. See
diagram
• A storm surge is the abnormal rise of the sea
along a shore as a result of strong winds.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Rw1vJBnINg
Video: Storm Simulator – Hurricane Cat 5
“Storm Surge” study @ University of Miami's Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. I took a class
there! 
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
END STORMS..
Begin: Factors Affecting CLIMATE..
– Large bodies of water affect the climates of
coastal areas because water heats up and
cools down more slowly than land.
– Mountain climates are usually cooler than
those at sea level because temperatures in the
lower atmosphere generally decrease with
altitude.
Climates often differ on either side of a
mountain.
Climate Zones
• tropics are the area between 23.5° south of
the equator and 23.5° north of the equator.
• temperate zones lie between 23.5° and 66.5°
north and south of the equator.
• polar zones are located from 66.5° north and
south of the equator to the poles.
Koeppen Classification System
• Koeppen decided that a good way to distinguish
among different climatic zones was by natural
vegetation. See pic.
• He revised his system to include the numerical
values of temperature and precipitation for a
more scientific approach.
• Koeppen’s classification system has six main
divisions: tropical, mild, dry, continental, polar,
and high elevation climates.
Koppen Classification System
• climate classification system that includes
temperature, precipitation, and vegetation
found in different climates. See pic
• tropical, mild, dry, continental, polar, and high
elevation climates.
Koppen Climate Classification
Koppen Climate Classification System
What is El Niño ?
• An abnormal warming of surface ocean waters
in the eastern tropical Pacific.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6s0T0m3F8s
Video: El Nino Basics… 3 mins.
El Nino
• warm ocean current that develops off the
coast of western South America
• Climate of South America becomes warmer
and wetter
• California and the Gulf Coast get more violent
storms ---see pic.
El Nino
• Stormy weather occurs in areas that are
normally dry
• Drought conditions occur in areas that are
normally wet
• Property and human damage is done
• -- see 2 pics.. Compare Normal and El Nino.
• Fewer hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean
Normal Conditions
Strong winds blow from the
east along the equator, pushing
warm water into the Pacific
Ocean
El Niño Conditions
An El Nino condition results from
weakened trade winds in the western
Pacific Ocean near Indonesia, allowing
piled-up warm water to flow toward South
America.
Short-Term Climatic Changes
– El Ninõ is a warm ocean current that occasionally
develops off the western coast of South America
that causes many short-term climatic changes.
– During an El Ninõ, warm water from the western
Pacific surges eastward toward the South American
coast.
– Increased precipitation over the northwestern
coast of South America pumps large amounts of
heat and moisture into the upper atmosphere.
– This hot, moist air in the upper atmosphere causes
sharp temperature differences in the upper air that
allows the jet stream to shift farther south.
El Niño Conditions
• What happens to the ocean also affects the
atmosphere.
• Tropical thunderstorms are fueled by hot,
humid air over the oceans.
– The hotter the air, the stronger and bigger the
thunderstorms.
– As the Pacific's warmest water spreads eastward,
the biggest thunderstorms move with it.
El Niño Conditions
• The clouds and rainstorms associated with
warm ocean waters also shift toward the east.
– So, rains which normally would fall over the
tropical rain forests of Indonesia start falling over
the deserts of Peru, causing forest fires and
drought in the western Pacific and flooding in
South America.
El Niño Conditions
• The deeper, warmer water in the east limits
the amount of nutrient-rich deep water
normally surfaced by the upwelling ocean
currents.
• Since fish can no longer access this rich food
source, many of them die off.
• The different water temperatures tend to
change the weather of the region.
El Nino -World Map
Pacific
Ocean
Indonesia
Ecuador
& Peru
Summary.. Write a extra note..
– El Ninõ brings -stormy weather to areas that are normally
dry
and
drought conditions to areas that
are normally wet.
and no upwelling currents so fish die off
due to lack of nutrients
La Nina
• characterized by unusually cold ocean
temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific
• winter temperatures are warmer than normal
in the Southeast and cooler than normal in
the Northwest
• wetter than normal conditions across the
Pacific Northwest and dryer and warmer than
normal conditions across the south
Climate Change Conclusion.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtW2rrL
Hs08
• Climate Change- Video Bill Nye 4 mins.