Transcript Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint

ANIMAL EXTENSION
ON EARTH
Výukový materiál EK 01 - 17
Tvůrce: Ing. Marie Jiráková
Tvůrce anglické verze: Mgr. Milan Smejkal
Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů
Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005
Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR
ZOOGEOGRAPHY
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Zoogeography is the science that studies the
distribution of animals on Earth
„Border field“
BIOSPHERE
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Zoogeography studies this
The biosphere is the part of the planet Earth,
which is populated by living organisms
BIOSPHERE IS DIVIDED INTO
Biocycles
marine
freshwater
continental
Animals live here in a different way.
RANGES
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Range - the geographical area within which
species can be found
Definition of ranges– a set of all environmentally
suitable habitats
Habitats – a random occurrence of individuals
Habitat – the area that meets the environmental
requirements of animals and can be marked on
the map
RANGES
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The ranges of each species varies
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The size of ranges is given by :
historical factors
the ability of species to spread
ecological valence
HISTORICAL FACTORS
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In continental glaciation– disappearance of
thermophilic species
In continental warming – cold-species
transmission to the north
THE ABILITY OF THE SPECIES TO SPREAD
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Organisms spread : actively
passively
Active component– ability of active movement–
most developed in birds.
Passive component – air, water current, contact
hosts – microorganisms, spores, parasitic
organisms …
ECOLOGICAL VALENCE
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Important for the formation of ranges
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The range of any kind is not uniform
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Survival conditions are optimal in certain parts
and worse in other parts
Species with wide ecological valence inhabit
larger ranges.
THE LARGEST RANGES ARE
Cosmopolitan ranges – Often it is connected with
the species that can be found near human
settlements - synanthropic species , which:
 Eating stocks – a rat
 Eating plants –gypsy moth
 Parasitizing – louse
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OTHER BIG RANGES:
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Circumtropical – Occupies the 2-4 tropical
continents such as tapir ranges
Circumpolar – in the Arctic area such as Arctic
fox
SMALL RANGES AND MICRORANGES
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There are only a few animals with large ranges
Most species inhabit small ranges and
„microranges“.
RANGES CHANGE
arise
 vanish
 crumble
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ENDEMIC RANGE
certain animals are found only in a particular
place - in an endemic range
 These are called endemism, such as kiwi occurs
only in New Zealand
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CONTINENTAL BIOCYCLE
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We divide it into six major geographical regions
that are approximately the same as the
continents.
Australian region
 Ethiopian region
 Indomalayan region
 Latin American region
 Nearctic region
 Palearctic region
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WORKSHEETS - REVISION
Why is zoogeography referred to as a borderline
field?
 What is the biosphere? How can it be divided?
 The size of the range is determined by ….
 What is an endemic range? Please provide some
examples.
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SOURCES:
BRANIŠ, Martin. Základy ekologie a ochrany
životního prostředí. 2. vyd. Praha:
Informatorium, 1999. ISBN 80-86073-52-1.
 PAPÁČEK, Miroslav a kol. Zoologie. Praha:
pedagogické nakladatelství, 2000, ISBN 80-7183203-0.
 KVASNIČKOVÁ, Danuše. Základy ekologie.
Praha: Scientia,spol.s r.o., 1994, ISBN 80-8582784-0
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