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ETHOFISH
The Effect of Turbidity and Hypoxia On the behaviour of coastal marin FISHes
PROJECT NUMBER QLRT-2001-00799
European Commission, Directorate General Fisheries
Of all the environmental factors
affecting the distribution and abundance
of fishes along the coastal zones, water
oxygen content and turbidity are among
the most heavily affected by pollution
and eutrophication, and may co-occur.
Hypoxia and turbidity in Europe
Fig. 1 Hypoxia and turbidity in Europe. Hypoxia (white dots is indicated by 2 mg/l and
turbidity is indicated by >0.5 g/l of suspended particles (dark grey dots) and by
eutrphication (light grey dots). Numbers refer to sources of reference.
THE AIMS OF ETHOFISH
• To assemble and further develop an integrative
methodology for in situ evaluation of the effects of
turbidity and hypoxia on fish physiological and
behavioural performance.
• To determine experimentally the threshold values beyond
which oxygen and turbidity levels are liable to alter fish
physiological and behavioural performance.
• To integrate the results obtained in a conceptual and
predictive model.
ETHOFISH is a highly integrated project
1) We will study 5 species (cod, herring, sole, plaice, grey mullet)
2) We will investigate the fish’s responses to hypoxia and turbidity
at three levels: laboratory, mesocosm, field
3) We will use a number of techniques at each level.
4) A high level of interactions between laboratories is envisioned
ETHOFISH DIAGRAM
Yr1
Yr1
Yr2
Yr3
Yr3
All yrs
Participants:
1) IMC Torregrande (Italy): Coordinator
2) SAMS, Oban, Scotland (UK)
3) University of Copenhagen (Denmark)
5
4) CREMA , La Rochelle (France)
2
3
5) University of Bergen (Norway)
4
1
International Marine Centre,
Torregrande, Sardinia, Italy
-P. Domenici, A. Shingles, R.S. Ferrari, M. Cannas
- Organismal Biology:
Physiological Ecology, Functional Morphology, Biomechanics
- Predator-prey interactions in fish and other marine animals
-Schooling
-the effect of environmental factors on fish physiology and
behaviour
-Lab studies:
Kinematics (high speed video), respirometry, video techniques
-Field studies:
Field video, ROV, telemetry
Scottish Association for Marine Science
Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory
Oban, Scotland
•R Batty, M Burrows, L Robb, R Harvey
•Behaviour, physiology and and ecology of fishes
•Juvenile flatfishes, larval and adult clueids
•Tradeoffs between predation risk & feeding
•Shoaling
•Population consequences of individual processes
•Modelling
•Field studies
•Underwater TV
•(foraging, migration, habitat selection)
•Trawl surveys
•Lab studies
•Large tanks (0.5- 3m) in controlled conditions
•Advanced video analysis techniques
Marine Biological Laboratory
Helsingor,
University of Copenhagen
J. F. Steffensen, N. Herbert
Fish Physiology Group:
-Physiological adaptation to extreme environments
-Exercise physiology
-Physiology of the secondary circulatory system in teleosts
Lab Studies:
-Respirometry
-Cardiovascular physiology
-Videoanalsysis for behavioural responses to environmental stress
Field Studies:
Underwater acoustics
Lundgren)
(with subcontractor Danish Institute for Fisheries Research -Bo
CREMA
Centre de Recherches sur les
Ecosystèmes Marins et Aquacoles
L’Houmeau, France
G. Claireaux, D.J. McKenzie
Physiological ecology of coastal
fishes:
o Study the environmental influences
on the interactions between
morphology, physiology and
behaviour.
o Examine the ecological
repercussions of these interactions.
Laboratories studies:
obioenergetics, respirometry,
ofish swimming performance,
ocardiovascular physiology.
 Mesocosm and field studies:
ofish behaviour in controlled
conditions.
otelemetry
o(habitat selection, feeding
behaviour).
Methodological overview
LABORATORY METHODS
Habitat selection boxes
Respirometry
Video analysis
FIELD/MESOCOSM METHODS
UW acoustics
Telemetry
10 fully monitored
tidal ponds
220 m2
Field video
Fig.4: Matching between the characteristics required for
the investigation in each work package and the
characteristics of the methodologies available to the
consortium. Light grey indicates complete matching,
green-red shading indicates partial matching, red
indicates no matching.
* indicates that area of recording depends on water
depth. Ltd = limited, ultd= unlimited.
The context in which Ethofish will operate
Lethal level?
The threshold concept
Ethofish thresholds: significant changes in fish behaviour that
can affect the abundance and distribution of fish, e.g. via avoidance,
or a decrease in growth and survival.
e.g. At what oxygenation level do fish start showing avoidance behaviour?
Other examples:
The complexity of the effect of hypoxia on spontaneous activity:
- Hypoxia can change the spontaneous activity level in fish:
Some fish (usually benthic species) decrease their activity,
in accordance with the lower aerobic metabolic scope
- Other species (usually pelagic) increase their activity, as a
behavioural response to avoid hypoxia.
Growth
Energy available 
Reproduction
Activity
Preliminary results on the effect of hypoxia on
the swimming activity of grey mullets
% oxygen saturation
Hypoxia causes an increase in spontanous swimming activity,
which could result in a further decrease in energy available
for growth, reproduction. (especially in lagoons)
The effect of hypoxia on schooling herring
From: Domenici et al, 2000
Proc. Royal Soc. B. 269: 2103-2111
Main expected achievements:
•
[1] establishment of a link between laboratory studies, studies in mesocosm
and field studies, using the most advanced techniques for monitoring
behaviour in various environmental conditions.
•
[2] an understanding of the impact of water turbidity and oxygenation on three
major components of the behavioural repertoire of fish: habitat selection,
predator-prey interactions and schooling-aggregation.
•
[3] Predictive ability for the effect of the environmental variables studied on
ecologically relevant behaviour.
•
[4] Provide hypoxia and turbidity thresholds necessary for the well-functioning
of the coastal marine ecosystems, which can be references for environmental
regulations.