Transcript ECOLOGICAL MGT BY David Odunsi

BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS
ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT AND
CONSERVATION
LECTURE DELIVERED BY:
ODUNSI DAVID A.
BIOLOGY SECTION
EXCELLENCE TUTORIAL COLLEGE,
LAGOS NIGERIA.
WHAT ARE BIOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATIONS?

Biological associations are relationships or interactions among living
organisms.
 No living organism can exist as an isolated entity, so therefore a living
organism A goes into a relationship with another living organism B
voluntarily or involuntarily. For instance female Anopheles mosquito
goes into relationship with Humans voluntarily while Humans goes into
the relationship involuntarily.
 It must also be noted that these associations could be beneficial,
harmful or even neutral. For instance the association between a
Butterfly perching on a Hibiscus plant is beneficial to both of them. In
this case the Butterfly gets food in form of sugary juice called nectar
while it help pollinate the flowering plant by picking up pollen grains
unconsciously. When you go ahead to consider the one of Human and
Hookworm ( a dangerous Nematode found in the small intestine that
sucks blood excessively) , you would see that it is beneficial to
Hookworm but harmful to Humans.
TYPES OF ASSOCIATIONS
 MUTALISM
 COMMENSALISM
 PARASITISM
 PREDATION
WHAT IS MUTUALISM?
 Mutalism is an association between two
different organisms, in which both of them
benefit. For instance if an organism A goes
into an association with another organism B,
and both of them derive benefit from this
association, then it is termed ‘’ MUTUALISM’’.
LETS SEE SOME COMMON EXAMPLES
 Alga and Fungus
 Leguminous plant and Bacterium
 Termite and Trichonympha ( a Protozoon)
 Ruminant animal and Escherichia (a
Bacterium)
 Butterfly and Hibiscus plant
OK……
LETS MOVE ON
WHAT IS COMMENSALISM?
 Commensalism is an association between
two different organisms in which only one
organism benefits while the other is neither
harmed nor benefits. For instance an
organism A goes into an association with
another organism B, and organism A derive
benefits while organism B does not derive
benefits and neither is it harmed, then it is
termed “COMMENSALISM” .
CAN WE GO AHEAD TO LOOK AT SOME
EXAMPLES?
YES OF COURSE
EXAMPLES
 Humans and Bacteria( e.g Bacteriodes
succinogenes) in the large intestine
 Shark and Remora fish
 Oyster and crab
NOW LETS MOVE ON TO PARASITISM
 Parasitism is an association between two
different organism in which one of them
benefits while the other is harmed. The
organism that benefits is called the
PARASITE while the one that is harmed is
called the HOST.
LETS SEE SOME EXAMPLES
 Human and Tapeworm
 Human and Roundworm
 Flowering plant and Mistletoe
 Human and female Anopheles mosquito
NOW LETS LOOK AT PREDATION
 Predation is association between two
different organisms, in which one called the
PREDATOR attacks and devours the other
called the PREY. Have you ever seen a
documentary where a Lion preys on an
Antelope before, I bet you have.
LETS SEE SOME EXAMPLES
 Lion and Antelope
 Hawk and chicks of domestic Hen
 Kingfisher( a Bird) and Tilapia fish
 Rattle snake and Rat
Now lets talk about competition
I bet you have been involved in one competition or the other
before. Maybe a Football competition, or a singing
competition or even a thug of war competition
COMPETITION
 INTRA-SPECIFIC COMPETITION
 INTER-SPECIFIC COMPETITION
WHAT IS COMPETITION?
WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT COULD
BRING ABOUT COMPETITION?
 LETS ANSWER THOSE QUESTIONS
TOGETHER, SHALL WE?
COMPETITION
 Competition refers to an interaction among
organisms for limited environmental
resources. It could exists in different forms
and for different reasons.
STILL TALKING ABOUT COMPETITION
 There could be competition among only
organisms of the same species, and this is
termed INTRA-SPECIFIC COMPETITION. For
instance competition among Humans for
limited food supply. In this case we see that
Humans belong to a single species Homo
sapiens. The word INTRA means within while
SPECIFIC means species. That is INTRA –
SPECIFIC COMPETITION is competition
within a single species.
OTHER COMMON EXAMPLES
 Competition for grains among domestic
chicks
 Competition for space among Maize plants
 Competition for sunlight among Okra plants
 Competition for water among Water leaf
plants
IS THERE STILL ANOTHER TYPE OF
COMPETITION? YES OF COURSE.
 There could exists competition among
organisms of different or several species, and
this is termed INTER –SPECIFIC
COMPETITION. It is important to note that
SPECIFIC means and INTER means several.
That is INTER- SPECIFIC COMPETITION
means SEVERAL SPECIES COMPETITION.
LETS SEE SOME EXAMPLES
 Competition between Tiger and Hyena for
limited supply of antelopes
 Competition between Toads and Frogs for
limited supply of insects
 Competition among Carpet grass and
Elephant grass for limited water
LETS SEE FACTORS THAT BRING
ABOUT COMPETITION
 Limited supply of water
 Limited supply of nutrients
 Limited supply of sunlight
 Limited supply of food
 Limited growing space
 Limited sex partners
ANYTHING CAN LEAD TO COMPETITION,
IN AS MUCH IT IS IN LIMITED
SUPPLY………………………..VERY IMPORTANT.
PLS FORWARD ALL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS TO
david.odunsi.wordpress.com
THANK YOU