Transcript Winter Break PowerPoint

Winter Review
Chapter 54
• Behavioral Biology
What is Behavior?
• The way an animal responds to stimuli
in its environment.
• Proximate Causation vs Ultimate
Causation (Nature vs Nurture Debate)
• Inate Behavior-example egg-rolling
response in geese
• Supernormal Stimuli
Is Smart Genetic?
• 1940’s Rat Experiment
• Twin Studies
Specific Genes can be linked
to specific behaviors.
• FosB gene
Learning
• Altering ones behavior as a result of
previous experience
• Types
– Nonassociative aka Habituation
– Associative aka Conditioning
• Classical Conditioning ( Pavlov’s dogs)
• Operant Conditioning (Reward/Punishment)
Can we learn anything?
• Nope
• Instinct vs Learning
• What can be learned is biologically
influenced.
– Example- Pigeon can associate food with
color but not sounds. Can associate
danger with sounds but not with colors.
Parent influence on Cognitin
and Behavior
• Imprinting- social attachments effecting
behavior latter in life.
– Filial imprinting
• Ducks, monkeys and orphans…Oh MY!!!!
– Sexual Imprinting
• Ligers
Instinct and Learning
• Song Sparrows
– Raised listening to no song or to the song
of another species had undeveloped songs
as adults
– Raised listening to their own species song
developed normally.
Do animals think?
• Yup
– Chimps- termite eating technique
– Japanese macaques wash sand off of
potatoes
Orientation and Migration
• Orientation- tracking stimuli in the
environment ex to and from watering
hole
– Taxis
• Migration- large groups traveling long
distances
– Use both orientation and navigation
(compass and map)
Animal Communication
• Species specific- example fireflies,
dance language of the honeybee,
primate language
• Long Distance- pheromones
• Non-species specific- marking territory,
persuit deterrent in deer
Behavioral Ecology
• Adaptive Significance- example
seagulls removing broken eggshells
• Foraging Behavior- optimal diet
• Territoriality
Reproductive Strategies
• Determines how many mates , and how
much time and energy to devote to
rearing offspring
• Males and females differ in their
reproductive strategies- males will mate
with anyone!
– Why? Parental Investment
Sexual Selection
• Intrasexual Selection-individuals of one
sex competing to get some.
– Sexual Dimorphism- differences between
males and females
– Sperm Compitition
• Intersexual Selection-Mate Choice
Mating Systems
• Monogamy-Altricial
• Polygamy-Precocial
• Polyandry-extra-pair copulations
Evolution of Social Systems
• Individuals specialized to do different
tasks
– Honeyees
– Leaf-cutter ants
Chapter 55
• Population Ecology
The Environmental Challenge
• Animals must meet the challenge of the
environment they live in to survive
– Physiological Responses
– Morphological Capabilities
– Behavioral Responses
• Natural Selection Reinforces the
responses to the environment
Populations
• Groups of Individuals of the same
species in one space
– Random Distribution
– Uniform Distribution
– Clumped Distribution
Population Demography and
Dynamics
• Sex Ratio and Generation time affect
population growth rates
– Age at first reproduction correlates with life
spane
Altruism
• The performance of an action that
benefits another individual at a cost to
the actor
– Group Selection
– Kin Selection- 2 brothers or 8 1st cousins
• Haplodiploidy- bees
Carrying Capacity
• The maximum number of individuals an
environment can support
• Sigmoidal growth curve
• http://www.population-growthmigration.info/essays/graph1_big.png
Factors that Regulate
Populations
• Density Dependent Factors- as
population size increases either birth
rates decrease or death rates increase
(Negative Feedback)
– Allee Effect
• Density Independent effects
– Outside factors effect population size ( ex
natural disasters)
K vs r selected individuals
• r - selected usually smaller, have a lot
of babies at once
• K- selected usually larger, have fewer
babies at one time
Human Population Growth
• Human Populations have grown
exponentially
• Human population growth has declined
in developed countries but is still
increasing in developing countries
• http://www.uni.edu/gai/India/India_Less
on_Plans/India_Population_Pyramids_fi
les/image002.gif
Chapter 56
• Community Ecology
Communities
• All of the species living in a particular
area
– Can be characterized by either the species
present or properties of the community
such as species richness and primary
productivity
Individualistic vs Holistic
Communities
• Individualistic says that a community us
just a bunch of species that happen to
be in the same place at the same time
• Holistic says that communities are a
integrated unit
• Which argument do scientists agree
with and why?
Niches
• The total of all the ways it uses the
resources in the environment
• Fundamental vs Realized Niche
example deep and shallow barnicles
– Competitive exclusion and niche overlap
Predator Prey Relationships
• A lot of predators = low prey….then low
prey= death of predators….then death
of predators = high prey…and so on
and so on.
Coevolution
• When predators and prey accumulate
adaptations to protect against being preyed
upon then overcome these protections.
• Examples plant develops secondary chemical
compounds to poison predators, then certain
predators develop immunity and continue to
prey on plants
Mimicry
• Some non-poisoness species “mimic”
the coloration of poisoness or harmful
ones as a means of discouraging
predation.
• Batesian Mimicry- palatalbe insects
resemble distasteful species
• Mullerian mimicry- unrelated species
resemble one another.
Types of Species Interactions
• Symbiosis
– Commensalism
– Mutualism
– Parasitism
Keystone Species
• Species that have a greater effect on
the composition of a community than
one may expect
– Example- Starfish
Succession
• When communities build at a specific
site
– Primary Succession
– Secondary Succesion
• Tolerance, Facilitation, Inhibition
Intermediate Disturbance
Hypothesis
• Greater diversity of species where there
is slight disturbances happening often
• Why?
Chapter 57
• Dynamics of Ecosystems
The Carbon Cycle
• http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/ca
rboncycle.gif
The Water Cycle
• http://www.ust.hk/~webpepa/pepa/Prote
ction-Plant/importance/water_cycle.gif
The Nitrogen Cycle
•
http://www.realtrees4kids.org/images/6-8images/nitrogencycle1.gif
Phosphorus Cycle
• http://project.bio.iastate.edu/courses/bio
l123/lectures/Lecture08Cycles/Images/5-29.JPG
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
• Law of Conservation of Energy
• Productivity- the rate at which new
organic matter is created
• Trophic Levels
• http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/fo
odchain.jpg
Energy in an Ecosystem
• http://home.hiroshimau.ac.jp/er/Resources/Image1056.gif
Trophic Level Interactions
• Top Down Effects
– When changing something at the top of a
trophic level effects the lower levels- taking
away carnivore
• Bottom Up effects
– When changes in primary producers effect
higher trophic levels-increasing or
decreasing primary productivity
Chapter 58
• The Biosphere
Biomes
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Tropical Rain Forest
Savanna
Desert
Temperate Grasslands
Temperate Decidous Forrest
Temperate Evergreen Forest
Taiga
Tundra
Tropical Rain Forest
• High Temperatures year round
• Richest ecosystems on land
• High biodiversity
Savanna
• Warm Temperatures year-round
• Seasonal Rain
Desert
• Warm and cool temperatures
• Very little rainfall
Temperature Grasslands
• Warm summers and cool winters
• Very fertile soil
Temperature Decidous Forrest
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Warm summers and cool winters
Plentiful rain
Found in Northwest US
Many Trees that lose leaves in the
winter
Temperature evergreen Forest
• Temperate climates
• Occur along Coastlines
• Dominated by pines and spruces
(evergreen)
Taiga
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Cold Temperatures
Very long cold winters
Limited Precipitation
Spruce Trees
Tundra
• VERY cold
• Ground is frozen most the the year
“permafrost”
• Very few trees
Freshwater habitats
• Life depends on Oxygen availability
• Oligotrophic- high oxygen and low
nutrient
• Eytrophic- low oxygen and high nutrient
Human Impacts on the
Bioshphere
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Point Source vs Diffuse Pollution
DDT
Ozone depletion
Global warming
Chapter 59
• Conservation Biology
Save the earth!