Transcript F - DHSTAKS

Objective III: Set 1
B.4C – Compare the structures and
functions of viruses to cells and describe
the role of viruses in causing diseases and
conditions such as acquired immune
deficiency syndrome, common colds,
smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Viral Characteristics
Viruses are NOT considered to be living
things. Because they use a host cell for
energy and replication, they are
considered parasites.
Viral Structure

Viruses have a simple structure:
1.
genetic material (DNA or RNA)
1.
2.
3.
RNA viruses (retroviruses) mutate more quickly
(like the influenza virus)
a protein coat called a capsid that surrounds
the genetic material
sometimes they have an envelope
How do Viruses infect cells?
Viruses cannot reproduce on their own.
 They must replicate by hijacking other
cells and using the cell’s machinery to
make more viruses.
 A virus can infect only a specific type of
cell that it recognizes.

How do viruses infect cells?

Once a virus enters a host cell, two
different processes can occur:

Lytic cycle

Lysogenic cycle
Once inside the host cell, one of two
processes can occur.
A. Lytic Cycle: Viral DNA enters a cell,
reprograms the cell to makes copies of the
virus, and causes the cell to burst.
B. Lysogenic cycle: A virus integrates its
DNA into the DNA of the host cell, and the
viral genetic information replicates along
with the host cell DNA. Lysogenic
infections may become lytic if the viral
DNA leaves the host DNA.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes
AIDS is very dangerous because it affects the immune
system.

HIV infects Helper T cells. Normally Helper T cells have
two functions:


activate B cells that produce antibodies
activate Killer T cells that destroy infected cells

Without Helper T cells functioning properly, you cannot
effectively fight off pathogens that can make you sick.

People with AIDS die of secondary infections, like
pneumonia, because their immune system could not
fight the infection.
The diagram above represents a virus with its surface markers.
The diagrams below show various animal cells with receptor sites.
Which of the following cells is most likely affected by this virus?
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
What is the most common threat to a host organism posed by an
invading virus?
A Production of viral fluids in the bloodstream
B Fermentation of acids in the digestive system
C Destruction of cells by viral reproduction
D Stimulation of muscle tone in the heart
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Which of the following is found in both cells and viruses?
A Silica
B Genetic material
C Digestive cavity
D Flagella
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
People infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have
an increased risk of dying from secondary infections. Which of these
best explains how HIV increases the danger of secondary
infections?
A HIV produces antigens that damage red blood cells.
B HIV adds genetic material from harmful microbes.
C HIV destroys helper T cells.
D HIV consumes beneficial microbes in the body.
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Viruses can be transmitted in a variety of ways. The virus that causes SARS
(severe acute respiratory syndrome) can be transmitted when an infected person
coughs or sneezes. This virus is transmitted in a manner most similar to the
transmission of—
F smallpox
G AIDS
H West Nile virus
J influenza
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of
bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as
streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
Parts of a bacterium
Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.
They do not have a nucleus,
the DNA is free in the
cytoplasm.
Plasma (cell) membrane and
cell wall:
1. Allow materials in and out of
the cell
2. Protection and support
Flagella: whip-like tail for
movement
Ribosomes- translate genetic
material into proteins
Reproduction
1.
2.
Most bacteria reproduce very quickly by
an asexual process of cell division called
binary fission.
Daughter cells are identical to the parent
cell.
Binary fission 
Importance of Bacteria

Bacteria are vital to maintaining the living
world.
1.
2.
Producers: Capture energy by photosynthesis,
basis of some food webs.
Decomposers: Break down dead organic matter,
returning it to the soil for other organisms.
Decomposers are important in nutrient cycles
(like the carbon cycle).
Importance of Bacteria
3.
Human Uses: We have bacteria living on
all surfaces of our bodies and ones such
as E. coli are essential for our digestion.
1.
2.
We provide them with a warm environment,
and they provide us with essential vitamins
that we cannot produce on our own. This is a
mutualistic symbiotic relationship.
We use them in food production because some
bacterial fermentation is used to make yogurt,
sour cream, vinegar, buttermilk, and more)
Harmful Bacteria


Any disease causing agent is called a
pathogen- it could be bacterial or viral.
Bacteria cause disease in one of two
ways:
1.
2.
Breaking down our body’s cells as food
Releasing toxins that travel through the body
and damage our cells
Preventing Disease
1.
Good hygiene- wash hands thoroughly with
soap and water.
2.
Vaccines- a weakened or dead form of the
pathogen (bacteria or virus) is given to a
patient whose body will form an immune
response to it. Once that immune response
happens, your body remembers it forever and
if the real pathogen gets in your body, your
immune system will react quickly and kill it
immediately.
Treating Bacterial Disease
Antibiotics- prevent growth
and division of bacteria so
that our immune systems
can fight the illness more
easily.
3.
•
•
Antibiotics are for bacterial
infections and are NOT
effective against viral or
fungal infections.
Antibiotics kill the beneficial
bacterial that help up digest
food, which can disturb our
digestion temporarily.
First Line of Defense:
The outer layer of the body


Goal:
prevent organisms from
gaining access to the body
Details:
 Physical barriers: skin
 Chemical barriers: sweat,
tears, saliva, mucous,
skin
 These contain
enzymes that break
down cell walls of
many bacteria
Second line of defense:
Cells and proteins in our blood stream


Goal: recognize, neutralize and destroy invaders inside the body
Details: inflammation and fever (swelling, redness, warmth, pain)
 Increased blood flow brings cells to fight infection
Third Line of Defense:
The Immune Response

Two types of white blood cells
are involved:

T cells: provide defense against abnormal cells and
pathogens inside living cells
 Helper
T cells activate B cells and Killer T cells
 Killer T cells destroy infected cells

B cells: provide immunity against antigens and
pathogens in the body fluids by making antibodies
Which organism lives in the human intestine and aids in the digestive
process?
A The bacterium Escherichia coli
B The fungus Trichophyton rubrum
C The protozoan Entamoeba coli
D The algae Fucus vesiculosus
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
Some antibiotics cause patients to exhibit digestive side effects.
These side effects are most often the result of —
F bacteria being killed in the digestive tract
G the antibiotics being converted into stomach acids
H too much water being drawn into the digestive tract
J the stomach wall being torn
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
Many species of bacteria can be found in the human mouth.
Which of these explains the great variety of bacteria in the
mouth?
F Large volumes of air cause bacteria to change form.
G Salivary glands cause mutations in bacterial populations.
H The presence of nutrients makes the mouth a favorable
habitat.
J Calcium in the teeth provides a suitable pH environment.
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
All of the following symptoms are likely associated with bacterial
infection except —
F skin rashes or lesions
G elevated body temperature
H swollen glands or tissues
J increased red blood cell count
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
B.7A – Identify evidence of change in
species using fossils, DNA sequences,
anatomical similarities, physiological
similarities, and embryology.
Evidence of
Evolution
includes
The fossil record
Geographic
distribution of
living species
Homologous
body structures
Similarities
in early
development
which is composed of
which indicates
which implies
which implies
Physical
remains of
organisms
Common
ancestral
species
Similar genes
Similar genes
Fossils:

Relative Dating – layering of fossils:
older fossils are found below more recent
ones. Living organisms resemble fossils
although differences may be evident.
Geographic distribution of Living
Organisms



Common ancestor from
mainland South America
migrated to Galapagos
Islands.
Each island habitat in the
Galapagos has different
selective pressures acting
on the organisms.
Natural selection acts on
the populations separately,
which over time, causes the
populations to diverge
morphologically and
physiologically.
Geographic distribution of Living
Organisms

Organisms that are
unrelated in the same
types of habitats
elsewhere in the world
had the same selective
pressures acting on
them, and therefore,
developed the similar
characteristics.
Embryology and Homologous Body
structures

Embryology – early
stages of vertebrate
development are all
very similar. They
start to diverge into
frog, fish, alligator,
human, and ostrich
form in later stages
of development.
Embryology and Homologous Body
structures

Homologous body
structures –
developmentally, a
human arm, whale fin,
alligator leg, and bird
wing share the same
bones, but due different
selective pressures and
occupying different
niches, these bones
can have dramatically
different structures.
Genetic data


We used to compare species based solely on
their morphology (present day and fossils)
Now, comparative studies of DNA sequences
of organisms shows how similar DNA is
between some species, and different from
other species
This can confirm what was previously thought,
or it can cause scientists to rethink relations
between organisms.
The table shows a comparison of some amino acids
found in cytochrome c. The two organisms in the table that
are most closely related are —
A Q and T
B R and S
C Q and R
D Q and S
B.7A – Identify evidence of change in species using fossils, DNA sequences, anatomical
similarities, physiological similarities, and embryology.
Birds and reptiles are similar in that they are vertebrates
and lay eggs. They differ in that reptiles have teeth and
birds have beaks. Some birds do possess teeth. However,
these teeth are present only in the embryonic stage. Which
conclusion is best supported by the presence of teeth in
bird embryos?
A Birds and reptiles share a common ancestor.
B Modern reptiles are the ancestors of modern birds.
C Birds and reptiles eat similar types of food.
D Ancestors of reptiles had beaks similar to those of birds.
B.7A – Identify evidence of change in species using fossils, DNA sequences, anatomical
similarities, physiological similarities, and embryology.
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural
selection in speciation, diversity,
phylogeny, adaptation, behavior, and
extinction
Definitions and Concepts:

Adaptation – any inherited characteristic that
increases an organism’s chance of survival and
ability to reproduce.


Ex. Monarch butterfly is poisonous to eat
they have special coloration to warn predators
also viceroy butterflies copy their coloration to protect
themselves
Biological Fitness – the ability of an organism to
survive and reproduce.
Definitions and Concepts:

Struggle for Existence – when members of
a species compete regularly for space,
food, and other necessities of life

Natural Selection or Survival of the Fittest–
the process by which individuals that are
better suited to their environment survive
and reproduce most successfully.
Definitions and Concepts:

Evolution – the theory that groups of
organisms, as species, may change with
the passage of time so that their
descendants differ morphologically (how
the look) and physiologically (how they
function) from their ancestors.

How does natural selection drive evolution?
Individual organisms of a population differ and
much of this variation is heritable.
 Organisms produce more offspring than can
possibly survive and those that do not survive do
not reproduce.
 Those individuals that are better able to survive
and reproduce pass on their more successful
adaptations to their offspring.

Speciation: Formation of a new species

A population must be separated into two
distinct populations for natural selection to
act on them separately, such that they are
reproductively isolated (lose the ability to
produce fertile offspring).
Geographical isolation: physically separated
 Behavioral isolation: different mating rituals
 Temporal isolation: mate at different times

Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a
predator population?
F Fewer prey
G A reduction in competition
H More parasites
J A period of drought
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
A man treated his home with a pesticide that kills roaches. The first
application of the pesticide killed 92% of the roaches. Two months
later he applied the pesticide to his home again, but the second
application killed only 65% of the roaches. What would best
explain the decrease in the effectiveness of the pesticide?
F The pesticide is effective only against mature roaches.
G Once roaches learned how to fight the pesticide, they taught
others.
H The surviving roaches were naturally resistant to the pesticide,
and that resistance was inherited by their offspring.
J The pesticide caused some of the roaches’ digestive systems to
mutate and metabolize the pesticide.
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
The maps below show the geographic ranges of four species of
the order Lagomorpha, which includes rabbits and hares. In which
range would developing white fur in winter most likely not be an
advantage for a member of this order?
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
The guppy is a species of small freshwater fish. Scientists
observed that the average size of guppies in a pond decreased
over a few years after a guppy predator was introduced into the
pond. Which of the following best explains the change in guppy
size?
F Speciation
G Convergent evolution
H Inbreeding
J Natural selection
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
B.12B – Interpret interactions among
organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalism and mutualism.
Community Interactions

Symbiosis: Relationships between
organisms that live together closely
Mutualism (+/+):
Both benefit
 Commensalism (+/0):
One benefits, one is not helped or harmed
 Parasitism (+/-):
One benefits, one is harmed

Community Interactions

Competition (-/-):
Both organisms are harmed
Resource
 Competitive exclusion principle


Predation (+/-):
One organism benefits, one is killed

Predator and prey
This relationship is an example of —
A predation
B parasitism
C mutualism
D commensalism
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
An oakworm caterpillar feeds on the leaves of an oak tree.
This type of interaction is —
F mutualistic
G commensalistic
H competitive
J parasitic
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
After being introduced in the 1930s, the fire ant (Solenopsis invicta)
became established throughout much of the southern United States.
One biological way to control fire ants might be to introduce organisms
that are —
A mutualistic with fire ant queens
B nurtured by fire ant workers
C preyed on by fire ant drones
D parasitic to fire ant larvae
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
A hummingbird feeds on the nectar of a flowering plant. In this
process the bird gains nutrition while spreading the plant’s pollen to
other flowers. The relationship between hummingbirds and flowering
plants can be described as —
F commensal
G predatory
H parasitic
J mutualistic
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Which word best describes the fungus in the situation above?
A Predator
B Producer
C Parasite
D Decomposer
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and
energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical
environment.
B.12E – Investigate and explain the
interactions in an ecosystem including
food chains, food webs and food
pyramids.
Feeding Relationships

Autotrophs- organisms that can make their own
food
 Producers: use sun or chemicals to make food

Heterotrophs: must obtain their food from other
sources
 Consmers: organisms that eat
 Decomposers: absorb food from external
environment to obtain energy
Types of Heterotrophs
 Consumers:
Herbivores-
eat vegetation
Carnivores- eat other consumers
Omnivores- eat vegetation and other
consumers
 Decomposers-
decompose dead
material and return organic material to
earth
What is each organism?
Heterotroph &
Omnivore
Heterotroph & Carnivore
Heterotroph &
Decomposer
Autotroph/ Producer
Feeding Relationships
Energy flows in one direction
through an ecosystem: from the
sun, through autotrophs through
heterotrophs and all eventually
lost as heat
Food Chain: single display of energy
transfer in an ecosystem. Arrows
point toward the organism receiving
the energy, or rather the arrows show
the direction of energy flow
Food Web: interwoven food chains
within an ecosystem
Trophic Levels: each
step in a food chain or
food web or pyramid
-producers
-primary consumer
-secondary consumer
-etc.
Ecological Pyramids
The direction of energy flow through
the trophic levels can be shown
through food chains and food webs.
To show relative amounts of energy
per trophic level, we can use a
pyramid
Ecological Pyramids
 Energy
Pyramid: the producers are at the
bottom with the total amount of sun
energy captured.
 Each trophic level that the energy flows
into only receives 10% of the energy from
the previous level.
 The other 90% is lost as heat
Energy used by producers in a grassland food web
is provided by —
F sunlight
G photosynthesis
H oxygen
J carbon dioxide
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical environment.
In this food web, the bacteria probably
function as —
A producers
B herbivores
C decomposers
D carnivores
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical environment.
A food pyramid represents the relative amount of energy in
trophic levels. Which of the following correctly shows a food
pyramid?
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical environment.
Which organisms in this food web can be described as both
primary and secondary consumers?
F Hawks
G Weasels
H Raccoons
J Mice
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level because they —
A both live on land
B are both large mammals
C both eat primary consumers
D have similar hunting patterns
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
Approximately how much of the energy
available in the tissues of the producer is
eventually incorporated into the tissues of a
secondary consumer?
A Less than 1%
B Between 20% and 30%
C Approximately 50%
D More than 50%
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
In this food chain, the spiders are —
A producers
B primary consumers
C competitors
D secondary consumers
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
A person living near this pond wants to reduce the mosquito
population. The mosquito population included in this food web could
be reduced by —
A planting more duckweed
B catching more minnows
C removing some martin houses
D adding more shelter for frogs
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
According to this food web, which of these is an omnivore?
F Caterpillar
G Mouse
H Ant
J Fly larva
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
The difference in the size of each layer of this food pyramid
is primarily the result of the difference in —
F food choices of individual niches
G oceanic zones of habitat
H the amount of food energy at each trophic level
J the relative heights of the organisms
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
The picture shows a piece of rotting wood. Which of these
does the picture demonstrate?
F Photosynthesis occurring
G Wood regenerating
H Decomposers growing
J Genes transforming
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of
structural and physiological adaptations of
plants to their environments.
Specialized tissue in plants
Roots- anchor the plant, take in
water and nutrients
Stems- support the plant,
transport water and nutrients
Leaves- site of photosynthesis.
Specialized parts of the leaf:
Stomata (singular: stoma) are openings that allow
water and gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
in and out, and they are controlled by guard
cells.
Cuticle is a waxy coating that helps prevent water
loss via transpiration (evaporation).
Xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients
Cuticle
Xylem
Phloem
Guard cells
Stoma
(pl. stomata)
Plant Adaptations
Plant Adaptations (inherited characteristics
that increase an organism’s chance of
survival)
Plant Adaptations
1.
Seed dispersal:
a.
decreases competition and
over-crowding
b.
can introduce the seed into a
new habitat
Seed Dispersal

Name: Air

Description: Seeds
are carried by wind

Example: Dandelion,
Tumbleweed, Ash
and Maple trees
Seed Dispersal

Name: Water

Description: Seeds or
fruits are dropped from
the plant into the rivers,
lakes or seas; seeds float

Example: Coconut
Seed Dispersal

Name: Animal
Description
Attach to animal fur
Example
Burrs
Ingestion followed by Apple
excretion at a different
location
Birds eat fruit and
Berries
throw away the seeds
Seed Dispersal

Name: Self

Description: Forcible
ejection by various
mechanisms

Example: Dwarf
mistletoe, Pea plant,
Squirting cucumber
Plant Adaptations
2.
Chemical defenses:
a. Some plants produce chemical compounds
that are toxic to insects that may feed on
them
Plant Adaptations
3. Aquatic plants. These plants live in mud with
little oxygen. Adaptations include:
a. Tissues with large
air-filled space:
oxygen can diffuse
from the above
ground part of the
plant to the roots.
b. Seeds that float in
water.
Plant Adaptations
4. Desert plants. These plants must be able to
survive strong wings, daytime heat, sandy soil,
and infrequent rain. Adaptations include:
a. extensive roots: increase surface
area to increase water absorption
b. reduced leaves (spines): to
decrease water loss
c. dormant seeds: only germinate
when there is enough water
d. thick stems: store water
Plant Adaptations
5.
Carnivorous plants: Live in wet, acidic
environments with little nitrogen.
Adaptations include:
a. Ability to trap and digest insects as a
nitrogen source
The first equation represents photosynthesis. Plants use energy from sunlight to
produce sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. The second equation
represents aerobic respiration. Plants and animals release stored energy in a reaction
between sugar molecules and oxygen. This reaction produces carbon dioxide and
water.
Which structure regulates gas exchange during the processes of photosynthesis and
respiration?
AQ
BR
CS
DT
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
This seed is best dispersed by —
A water
B birds
C wind
D insects
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Which of these characteristics might help a plant
species survive in an area with limited sunlight?
F Bright flowers
G Large leaves
H Short stems
J Thick cuticles
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Which of the following characteristics could help short plants
survive in areas with limited sunlight?
F Broad leaf surfaces
G Brightly colored flowers
H Thick stems
J Shallow roots
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Some mesquite trees have deeper roots than any other plant in the
desert. How are deep roots an adaptation for survival in the desert?
F Deep roots can protect the tree from predators.
G Roots encounter cooler conditions far below the desert surface.
H Roots can extend great distances to reach water.
J Deep roots interact with beneficial bacteria below the surface.
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Which of the following is an adaptation most likely observed in
plants growing along Aransas Bay?
A Sensitivity to green light
B Tolerance of saltwater
C Extension of root length
D Resistance to predation
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Cacti grow slowly compared to most other plants. The fact that
cacti keep their stomata closed for much of the day can help
explain this growth characteristic. Which of these best
explains the advantage of keeping stomata closed during the
day?
F It limits water loss through transpiration.
G It conserves oxygen produced in photosynthesis.
H It recycles carbon dioxide within plant systems.
J It protects plant tissues from predators.
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Objective III: Set 2
B.4C – Compare the structures and
functions of viruses to cells and describe
the role of viruses in causing diseases and
conditions such as acquired immune
deficiency syndrome, common colds,
smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell. Which of the followin
are infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
F Helper T cells
G Liver cells
H GABA-receptor cells
J Red blood cells
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Viruses differ from bacteria in that all viruses —
F cause insect-borne diseases
G can be destroyed by antibiotics
H have rigid cell walls
J must be reproduced in living cells
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
One characteristic shared by a virus and a living cell is that both —
F store genetic information in nucleic acids
G have a crystalline structure
H gain energy directly from the sun
J use glucose for respiration
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Which of these events is most likely to cause a widespread
influenza outbreak?
F People in northern regions are affected by weather patterns.
G The influenza virus is recognized by host immune systems.
H Global warming causes increased winter precipitation.
J People lack immunity to a new strain of flu virus.
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Why is Sendai virus used as a vaccine against HPIV-1?
A It alters the protein coat of HPIV-1.
B It makes cells chemically unrecognizable to HPIV-1.
C It forms a protective barrier against HPIV-1.
D It triggers the production of antibodies that fight HPIV-1.
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Which of these does a virus need in order to multiply?
A Chloroplasts from a host cell
B A host cell to provide oxygen for the virus
C New ADP from a host cell
D A host cell to replicate the virus’s DNA
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
Which of the following cannot metabolize nutrients?
B.4C – Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of
viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, common colds, smallpox, influenza, and warts.
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of
bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as
streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
Some bacteria benefit mammals by helping with —
F growth
G defense
H digestion
J respiration
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
Which of the following factors helps spread diseasecausing bacteria?
F Low temperatures
G Access to new hosts
H Mutation by heat energy
J Availability of light
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
Cows and other ruminants are herbivorous animals. Their diet
includes cellulose, which must be fermented before it can be
digested. Which of these aid in the fermentation of cellulose in
a cow’s digestive system?
F Bacteria
G Fungi
H Algae
J Viruses
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
A study shows that 40% to 100% of raw poultry is contaminated
by disease-causing bacteria. Which of the following activities
provides people the best protection from these bacteria?
F Rinsing dishes thoroughly
G Eating a balanced diet daily
H Visiting a doctor regularly
J Cooking foods properly
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
Streptococcus infection in a person’s throat can cause pain
and fever. Streptococcus can be controlled by antibiotics.
Streptococcus is a—
F virus
G bacterium
H protozoan
J fungus
B.4D – Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in
digestion and in causing diseases such as streptococcus infections and diphtheria.
B.7A – Identify evidence of change in
species using fossils, DNA sequences,
anatomical similarities, physiological
similarities, and embryology.
The table shows an amino acid comparison of cytochrome c, a
protein involved in cellular respiration in aerobic organisms. The two
organisms in the table that are least genetically related are the —
A silkworm moth and the fruit fly
B silkworm moth and the screwworm fly
C fruit fly and the screwworm fly
D fruit fly and the hornworm moth
B.7A – Identify evidence of change in species using fossils, DNA sequences, anatomical
similarities, physiological similarities, and embryology.
The diagram illustrates how some
characteristics of the horse have
changed over time. Along with the
difference in size, what is another
anatomical difference between the
modern horse and its ancestors?
F The structure of the tooth has
been adapted for eating meat.
G The size of the molars has
decreased.
H The length of the forefoot has
decreased.
J The number of toes has
decreased.
B.7A – Identify evidence of change in species using fossils, DNA sequences, anatomical
similarities, physiological similarities, and embryology.
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural
selection in speciation, diversity,
phylogeny, adaptation, behavior, and
extinction
Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at —
F competing with birds
G making its own food
H hiding from predators
J running very rapidly
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
Which of these conclusions can be
made based on the graphs shown
above?
A Larger mosquitoes have migrated
into the area.
B Smaller mosquitoes are being eaten
by larger mosquitoes.
C A mosquito length of 2 cm has
become a disadvantage in this
environment.
D Mosquitoes with a body length of 3
cm have the longest life span.
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
Some bacteria thrive in hostile environments, such as salt
flats, boiling-hot springs, and carbonate-rock interiors, primarily
because of bacteria’s —
F biochemical diversity
G small sizes
H round shapes
J methods of movement
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
Which of the following explains this phenomenon?
F Competition
G Extinction
H Predation
J Speciation
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
The model shows a demonstration a student prepared using black and white
marbles to show how populations of organisms can change. Which of the
following concepts is best illustrated by this demonstration?
F Evolution of a predatory species
G Genetic drift accompanying natural selection
H Environmentally induced genetic mutations
J Immunity from virulent microorganisms
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
The myxoma virus was used to control an overpopulation of
European rabbits in Australia. When first introduced in the mid1900s, the virus greatly reduced the European rabbit population.
Today the virus is not an effective control of the European rabbit
population. Fewer European rabbits are affected by the virus today
because they have—
F learned to avoid the virus
G moved away from infected areas
H undergone a change in diet
J developed resistance to the virus
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
Which of the following is best supported by the information
shown above?
F These lizards evolved in arid habitats.
G Modern lizards drink more water than their ancestors did.
H These lizards cool themselves by evaporation.
J Modern lizards excrete more water than their ancestors did.
B.7B – Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny,
adaptation, behavior, and extinction
B.12B – Interpret interactions among
organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection from
predators by sheltering themselves among the stinging tentacles
of sea anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can
potentially scare off predators of sea anemones. This
relationship is an example of —
A neutralism
B mutualism
C parasitism
D commensalism
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Which situation best represents a mutualistic relationship?
A A tapeworm absorbing nutrients from the intestine of a dog
B An orchid being pollinated by a nectar collecting wasp
C A human losing blood to a feeding mosquito
D An armadillo rooting in the soil at the base of an oak tree
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana) are leafless plants
that lack chlorophyll. Beechdrops get their nourishment
from the roots of beech trees, which reduces the amount of
nutrients available to the trees themselves. This interaction
is best described as —
A predatory
B parasitic
C commensalistic
D mutualistic
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Which of these best describes the relationship
between epiphytes and trees?
F Parasitism
G Migration
H Commensalism
J Predation
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Which of these is the best example of a mutualistic relationship in an
aquatic environment?
F Some fish can survive repeated infections by harmful bacteria.
G Some fish have bacteria living in their digestive tract that help the
fish digest food.
H Some bacteria are present in aquatic food chains in which fish are
secondary consumers.
J Some bacteria are aquatic decomposers that recycle nutrients
useful to fish.
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
Insecticides help humans compete with insects for a resource.
Which resource is most likely to be preserved for humans
through the use of insecticides?
F Sunlight
G Water
H Food
J Air
B.12B – Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting predation, parasitism,
commensalisms and mutualism.
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and
energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical
environment.
About 10% of the energy at one trophic level is passed to the
next level. What usually happens to the energy that is not
passed to the next trophic level or used to carry out life
processes?
A It is given off as heat.
B It is stored as vitamins.
C It is used in reproduction.
D It is used in protein synthesis.
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical environment.
Which diagram best shows how the amount of stored energy
changes going up a food chain?
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical environment.
The diagram shows several phases of the nitrogen cycle. Which of the following
describes the most likely effect of removing some plants from the area by using
chemical herbicides?
A The rate of erosion of rocks on the ground would be slowed.
B The flow of necessary nutrients would be disrupted.
C The ability of plants to complete photosynthesis would be increased.
D The infiltration of water into the ground would be halted.
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical environment.
The diagram above is intended to show relationships in an
ecosystem. What do the arrows represent?
F The direction of population migration
G Differences in dietary habits
H Progressively smaller organisms
J The direction of energy flow
B.9D – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through different trophic levels and
between organisms and the physical environment.
B.12E – Investigate and explain the
interactions in an ecosystem including
food chains, food webs and food
pyramids.
Which of these groups of organisms would most likely have
accumulated the largest concentration of a long-lasting chemical
pollutant in their bodies?
A Phytoplankton
B Zooplankton
C Lake trout
D Gulls
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
In this food pyramid, which
level contains the greatest amount
of energy?
A Tertiary consumers
B Secondary consumers
C Primary consumers
D Producers
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
The table lists four groups of factors found in a particular
ecosystem. Which group consists of only abiotic factors?
F Group 1
G Group 2
H Group 3
J Group 4
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
In this diagram of a marine
food web, which term
describes the sea turtles?
A Aquatic herbivores
B Autotrophic producers
C Third-level consumers
D Primary decomposers
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
Which of these is a food web based on the relationships described above?
B.12E – Investigate and explain the interactions in an ecosystem including food chains,
food webs and food pyramids.
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of
structural and physiological adaptations of
plants to their environments.
Compared to annual rings of trees that have experienced
years of sufficient rainfall, the annual rings of trees that have
experienced a dry period will —
F be softer
G grow at a faster rate
H be thinner
J photosynthesize at a faster rate
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Species of the genus Toxicodendron, which includes poison ivy
and poison oak, produce a gummy oil that causes a severe itchy rash
in some animals. This substance is part of the Toxicodendron
species’—
F defense mechanisms
G nutritional processes
H support system
J clinging ability
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Which of the following leaf types is most likely to help a plant survive in
an arid habitat?
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Which of these structures
protects a leaf from drying out?
FQ
GR
HS
JT
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Plant leaves have a waxy covering called a cuticle. When some
plants are stressed by lack of water, their cuticle increases in
thickness. What does this action demonstrate?
A Alternation of generations in plants
B Structural response to the environment
C Differentiation of vascular tissue in plants
D Genetic mutation induced by the environment
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.
Some species of kelp anchor themselves to the seafloor. These
species have small air sacs, called air bladders, at the base of
each leaf. The air bladders raise the top of the kelp to the
water’s surface. What advantage do air bladders give the kelp?
A They allow the kelp to obtain more salt from the water.
B They prevent the kelp from breaking during a storm.
C They allow kelp leaves to receive greater amounts of sunlight.
D They provide the kelp with protection from herbivores.
B.13A – Evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to
their environments.