Transcript Slajd 1 - Krzysztof Kujawa

What have we learned from 50-year
large scale field study on the biodiversity
in an agricultural landscape?
Krzysztof Kujawa, Jerzy Karg
Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań
1
Main study area:
Field Station
in Turew
the Dezydery Chłapowski Landscape Park
General view of the study area
Dezydery Chlapowski Landscape Park
Fot. J. Karg
Photo K. Kujawa
Small fields
Wooded patches
Shelterbelts
2
Unique feature of the area: large variety of windbreaks,
tree lines, hedgerows and other small wooded patches
• Mid-field tree lines:
why so many ?
• Gen. Dezydery Chłapowski
• Origin: 1810-1820
• For crop protection and wood
Photo
PhotoK.K.Kujawa
Kozłowski
Study on biodiversity carried out by IAFE
near Turew
Effect of habitat and landscape structure
Long-term changes – 50 years
Effect of prey-predator relationships (insects, Red Fox vs birds)
Taxa studied:
vascular plants
macrofungi
insects
spiders
other invertebrates
fish
amphibians
birds
mammals
4
Methods (main) – insects
For flying insects – motor-net:
For epigeic insects – suction trap:
For migrating insects – tower with passive trap
Photo K. Kujawa
5
Methods – other taxa
Plants and macrofungi:
• Sampling plots and long routes across a variety of habitats
Birds:
• Sampling plots, points and transects
6
Key results:
1. High biological diversity
7
Number of species in Turew area and Poland
5000
Poland
Turew area
0.05% of Poland
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Macrofungi Lepidoptera Vascular
plants
Spiders
Bees
8
Number of species in Turew area and Poland
300
Poland
Turew area
0.05% of Poland
200
100
0
Breeding
birds
Butterflies Mammals Dragonflies Amphibians
Vascular plants
• No. of species – 828 spp. (54% of regional list)
• 85 spp. of special care,
• 1 sp. from II Annex of HD,
• 2 spp. from Red Data Book,
• 44 spp. protected by law
Common Corncockle
Agrostemma githago
Photo K. Kujawa
10
Number of macrofungi species in Turew area
and in Polish national parks in relation to their area
Białowieski
1600
Crowned Earthstar
Geastrum coronatum
No. of species
1400
Photo K. Kujawa
1200
Bieszczadzki
Babiogórski
1000
Pieniński
Ojcowski
800
Wielkopolski
T urew
600
Świętokrzyski
Poleski
400
T atrzański
Wigierski
Słowiński
Bory T ucholskie
200
0
0
10000
20000
Area (ha)
30000
Number of breeding bird species in Polish farmlands
in relation to study area size (no. of years is given)
90
Turew
80
r = 0.61; p = 0.06
4
11
1
No. of species
70
1
11
60
1
2
50
40
3
30
1
20
2
Red-backed Shrike
Lanius collurio
10
Photo K. Kujawa
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Area (km2 )
16
18
20
22
12
Key results:
2. Key factor for preserving biodiversity:
habitat and landscape diversity
13
• 122 plant communities,
• 54 endangered regionally
• 39 indicators of habitat from II
Annex of Habitat Directive
82 terrestrial
communites
(648 spp.)
40 aquatic
communites
(180 spp.)
Daisyleaf grape-fern
Botrychium matricariifolium
Photo K. Kujawa
Photo K. Kozłowski
Number of sites of 16 species protected by law (Poland – ca. 100
spp. ) in various habitats of agricultural landscape near Turew
35
Number of sites
30
25
20
15
Photo K. Kujawa
10
5
0
Forest
Parks
Tree belts Tree clump Tree alley
Habitat category
Others
15
100
Long-term comparison of epigeic insect
communities in crop fields between mosaic
and uniform agricultural landscapes
Mosaic
90
Uniform
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Mean number of families
Mean density (ind.m-2) Mean biomass (g dw..m-2)
16
Diversity (H’) of spider assemblages
in various crop fields and two landscape types
3
Uniform
Mosaic
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Wheat
Sugar beet
Alfalfa
17
Relationships between share of small wooded islands
and bird density in Polish farmland
160
Turew
Bird density (pairs/km2)
140
120
y = 10.8x + 57.4
R² = 0.37, p<0.05
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
2
4
6
Share (%) of wooded islands, shelterbelts, alleys etc.
8
18
Key results:
3. Potential for biological control related to
habitat and landscape diversity
19
Spiders
Fot. K. Kujawa
20
Effect of distance from shelterbelt on species numbers
of plant-dwelling spiders in crop fields (3-years study)
?
Photo K. Kujawa
Effect of landscape type on share of types of spiders
webs in sugar beet plantations (3-years studies)
Insects
Fot. K. Kujawa
Effect of tree belt on density of insect larvae infected by
parasitic insects (Ichneumonidae and Chalcidoidea)
Trophic structure of insect assemblages wintering
in crop fields and shelterbelts
400
Parasites
Density (ind. . m-2)
350
Predators
300
Saprovores
Herbivores
250
200
150
100
50
0
Shelterbelt
0.5 m
10 m
50m
Crop field – distance from shelterbelt
100m
25
Key results (unexpected!):
4. In contrary to our previous conlusions,
high and constant landscape diversity
seems to be not sufficient for preserving
biodiversity when intensity of farming
practices is above some threshold
26
Long-term changes – insects
Long term trends in diversity (number of families ) of epigeic insects
in cereals in heterogenic and uniform landscapes
70
60
50
R² = 0.24
40
30
H>U
H=U
H < U !!
20
R² = 0.82
Heterogenic
Uniform
10
0
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
Long-term changes – birds
Long-term changes in number of breeding bird species in wooded
patches in agricultural landscape near Turew in 1964-2006
50
40
30
20
10
0
1964-66
1991-1994
1999-2000
2001-2002
2005-2006
28
Long-term changes – birds
20
Long-term changes in bird density in wooded patches
in agricultural landscape near Turew
Wood spp.
Farmland spp.
Total
Density (pairs/ha)
16
12
8
4
0
1964-66 1991-94
1999
2000
2001
2002
2005
2006
29
Key results:
(by the way ...)
5. A conservation paradox?
One of most abundant tree species in the
Turew area is Black Locust, listed in 100
worst invasive species in Europe
30
Black Locust in Turew area
Insect taxonomical richness in „native” and Black Locust tree belts
No. of families (Chao 2)
160
120
80
40
Native mieszane
(multi-species)
Młode
Black Locust
Robiniowe
0
0
5
10
Number of years
15
20
Phot. K. Kujawa
Birds – species richness in „native” and Black Locust wood islands
Native
Locust
Number of wooded islands
SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS:
• Agricultural landscape near Turew is inhabited by a variety of
species-rich communities, that among others include species of
high conservation priority
• High diversity and abundance of predatory and parasitic species
create favorable condition for application of biological control
• High and stable landscape heterogeneity supports high
biodiversity level, however long term analysis indicates that it is
not able to counteract intensification of agriculture when it is
above some threshold that seems to be crossed . Thus, also
potential for biological control may be strongly impoverished
34
Authors (of published and unpublished data):
• Dr Hanna Gołdyn and Dr Ewa Arczyńska-Chudy (plants)
• Prof. Jerzy Karg (insects)
• Dr. Anna Kujawa (macrofungi),
• Dr. Krzysztof Kujawa (birds)
• Dr. Maria Oleszczuk (spiders)
• Dr. M. Rybacki (amphibians)
• M. Sc. Dariusz Sobczyk (butterflies)
• and others
Thank you for attention
35