Transcript Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology

Digestive System
Anatomy and Physiology
Mr. Nichols
PHHS
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Mouth

Hard Palate
– Anterior roof

Soft Palate
– Posterior Roof

Uvula
– Projection of soft palate
Teeth

Deciduous teeth
– Baby teeth
Incisors- cut food
 Canines- tear and
pierce food
 Molars- grinding

Esophagus
Tube carries food to stomach (Avg 9.87 inches)
 Peristalsis

– Muscle contractions that move the food
Pharynx

Passageway for food and air
Salivary Glands
Parotid glands- near ears in mouth
 Submandibular and sublingual glands

– Produce saliva under tongue

Saliva
– Moistens food
– Helps start startch digestion
Large Intestine (Colon)
Absorbs water (5ft long)
 Get rid of waste
 Appendix

– Inflamed appendix=appendicitis
UC up close!
Pancreas
Produces enzymes that breaks down
macromolecules (especially carbs)
 Empties into small intestine
 Neutralizes gastric acid
 Produces insulin and glucagon

Liver and Gall Bladder
Produces bile
 Bile enters small intestine
 Helps breakdown lipids
 Gall bladder stores bile

How the stomach produces
Gastric Juice.
Gastric acid is produced by parietal cells in
the stomach. Its secretion is a complex
and relatively energetically expensive
process.
 Parietal cells contain an extensive
secretory network from which the gastric
acid is secreted into the lumen (Inside
surface) of the stomach.

Disorder of the Day!
Hepatitis (Plural Hepatitides)
 There are five main types of hepatitis that are
caused by a virus, A, B, C, D, and E
 -Inflammation of the Liver.

Two types of Hepatitis
 Acute- Flu like symptoms, muscle and joint
ache, fever, nausea or vomitting, headache
ect. Key Sign: Dark Urine, jaundice.

Second Type
Chronic
 Extensive Damage and scarring of the
liver (cirrhosis), this leads to excessive
weight loss, easy bruising and bleeding
tendencies.

Treatments

Hepatitis A - this is caused by eating infected food
or water. The food or water is infected with a virus
called HAV (Hepatitis A Virus). Nearly everyone who
develops Hepatitis A makes a full recovery - it does
not lead to chronic disease.

Hepatitis B - This is an STD. It is caused by the virus
HBV (Hepatitis B Virus) and is spread by contact
with infected blood, semen, and some other body
fluids.
Up Close.
Disorder of the Day!

Crohn’s Diseaseis a type of inflammatory
bowel disease that may affect any part of
the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to
anus, causing a wide variety of symptoms.

Cause: Unknown but there are theories,
dietary and stress or genetics.
Symptoms

It primarily causes abdominal pain,
diarrhea (which may be bloody if
inflammation is at its worst), vomiting
(can be continuous), or weight loss, but
may also cause complications outside the
gastrointestinal tract such as skin rashes,
arthritis, inflammation of the eye,
tiredness, and lack of concentration.
Treatment

Mild Symptoms: Ciprofloxacin,
metronidazole.

Severe Cases: Treated with steroids
through IV, the disease and symptoms
must be controls
What is looks like!
Disorder of the Day

Diverticulitis
-When a pouch forms in the wall of the
colon, the pouch typically becomes
inflamed or infected.
 This becomes very painful.

Symptoms
Belly pain, usually in the lower left side,
that is sometimes worse when you move.
This is the most common symptom.
 Fever and chills.
 Bloating and gas.
 Diarrhea or constipation.
 Nausea and sometimes vomiting.
 Not feeling like eating.

Treatment
For mild cramps and belly pain:
 Use a heating pad, set on low, on your
belly.
 Relax. For example, try meditation or
slow, deep breathing in a quiet room.
 Take medicine, such as acetaminophen
(Tylenol, for example).

Dietary Changes

You may be able to prevent diverticulitis if
you drink plenty of water, get regular
exercise, and eat a high-fiber diet. A highfiber diet includes whole grains, fresh
fruits, and vegetables.
Disease of the Day

Jaundice
-Literally means ‘yellow’ in French.
 -Yellowing of the skin and whites of the
eyes from the backup of bile into body
tissues.
 -May result from a blockage of ducts of the
liver which empty bile into intestines.

Examples
Severe Jaundice
Mild Jaundice
Treatments

Mild to moderate Jaundice usually go away
with out treatment in 5-7 days.

Other cases require a treatment called
‘Phototherapy,’ this treatment breaks down
‘bilirubin’ in the skin to non-toxic levels.

Pro Tip: Blood transfusions accelerate the
rate of jaundice recovery. Why?
Disorder of the Day!

Ulcerative colitis (Colitis ulcerosa, UC)

A form of ‘Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD),
UC is a form of colitis, a disease of a colon. No
known cure.

Characterized by peptic ulcers, or open sores.

Ulcer- A break in a body membrane.
Causes
Like Crohn’s Disease, scientists have no
definitive cause identified.
 1.) Immune System: Virus or bacterium
may trigger UC, the digestive tract
becomes inflamed as the immune system
attacks the microorganism.
 2.) Heredity: A random mutation or
inherited genes may cause the disorder.

Symptoms
1.) Diarrhea mixed with blood, often a
gradual onset.
 2.) Rectal pain
 3.) Swelling of the abdomen
 4.) Painful bowel movements.

Treatments

The goal of medical treatment is to reduce
the inflammation that triggers your signs
and symptoms.

Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Sulfasalazine,
Corticosteroids.

Surgery to repair/remove the ulcer.
Worst Colitis I’ve seen
Stomach

Cardioesophageal Sphincter
– Opening at top of stomach

Gastric Juice
– Stomach acid

Chyme
– Substance left after stomach digestion

Pyloric Sphincter
– Opening at bottom of stomach leads to
intestines
Can comfortably hold 1 liter of food, can hold
2-3 liters (super full)
Small Intestine
Nearly all food absorption occurs here (90%)
 Three Sections

– Duodenum (1ft-1.5ft)
– Jejunum (Avg 8.2ft)
– Ileum (Avg 11.5 ft)
-Length can vary greatly
Between people (19-32ft) Avg: 21-23 ft
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