Transcript Final Exam Review PowerPoint

FINAL EX AM
REVIEW
PUT THE PPT ON
PRESENTATION MODE.
CLICK THROUGH THE SLIDES
TO TEST YOURSELF ON THE
MATERIAL.
I. SCIENTIFIC
METHOD &
INTRODUCTORY
WHAT IS THE VARIABLE
THAT WE ARE
MANIPULATING OR
CHANGING IN AN
EXPERIMENT?
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
WHAT IS THE VARIABLE
THAT WE ARE MEASURING
THE CHANGE IN DURING AN
EXPERIMENT?
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
WHAT IS THE CONTROL
GROUP?
The group of test subjects that are
found in the natural or normal
environment (not testing
something on them).
DO PLANTS GROW TALLER
WHEN WATERED WITH SALT
WATER?
WHAT IS THE IND. VARIABLE?
Salt content of the water
DO PLANTS GROW TALLER
WHEN WATERED WITH SALT
WATER?
WHAT IS THE DEP. VARIABLE?
Height of the plant growth
DO PLANTS GROW TALLER
WHEN WATERED WITH SALT
WATER?
WHAT WOULD BE THE
CONTROL GROUP?
Plant watered with plain tap water because this is
the natural environment for plants to grow in.
DEFINE TEMPERATURE.
The average kinetic energy of
particles in a substance.
FOR WHICH TEMPERATURE
SCALE IS ABSOLUTE ZERO 273?
KELVIN
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN OBSERVATION &
INFERENCE?
Observations are what you can observe
with your 5 senses. Inferences are
predictions or guesses that you can make
based on your previous knowledge.
MAKE AN
OBSERVATION ABOUT
THIS PICTURE.
The window is broken, there are two
black shutters, the boy is holding a bat,
the boy is wearing a hat.
MAKE AN INFERENCE
ABOUT THIS PICTURE.
The boy hit a baseball into the window & it
broke.
The boy walked by and someone threw a
baseball bat out of the window, breaking it.
He picked up the bat.
WHICH STATE OF MATTER
DOES NOT HAVE A SET SHAPE
OR VOLUME?
Gas
WHICH STATE OF MATTER
HAS A SET VOLUME BUT NOT
A SET SHAPE?
Liquid
WHICH STATE OF MATTER
HAS BOTH A SET SHAPE AND
A SET VOLUME?
Solid
WHAT PROCESS OCCURS
WHEN A SUBSTANCE
CHANGES FROM SOLID TO
LIQUID?
Melting
WHAT PROCESS OCCURS
WHEN A SUBSTANCE
CHANGES FROM LIQUID TO
GAS?
Evaporation
WHAT PROCESS OCCURS
WHEN A SUBSTANCE
CHANGES FROM GAS TO
LIQUID?
Condensation
WHAT PROCESS OCCURS
WHEN A SUBSTANCE
CHANGES FROM LIQUID TO
SOLID?
Freezing
II. WATER UNIT
WHERE IS THE MAJORITY OF WATER
FOUND ON EARTH?
In the ocean as salt water
WHAT IS THE TERM FOR THE
AREA OF LAND THAT DRAINS
RAINFALL INTO A SINGLE BODY
OF WATER?
Watershed
WHAT DEFINES THE OUTER
BOUNDARIES OF A WATERSHED?
Land elevation or mountain
ridges
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS
DEFINE AS HAVING A PH OF 7?
Neutral substances
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING
IS DEFINE AS HAVING A PH
OF 1-6?
Acid substances
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING
IS DEFINE AS HAVING A PH
OF 8-14?
Basic substances
ARE THEY AN ACID, BASE
OR NEUTRAL?
LEMON JUICE, LIME JUICE,
SODA, COFFEE, BATTERIES
ACID
ARE THEY AN ACID, BASE
OR NEUTRAL?
BLEACH, MILK OF
MAGNESIA, SALT WATER,
AMMONIA
BASE
ARE THEY AN ACID, BASE
OR NEUTRAL?
PURE WATER
NEUTRAL
WHAT IS ACIDIFICATION?
When bodies of water become
more acidic (pH decreases)
WHY IS ACIDIFICATION OF
BODIES OF WATER BAD?
The change in pH kills plants
and animal life.
WHY ARE PA RIVERS
SUSCEPTIBLE TO
ACIDIFICATION?
1.
2.
3.
Rocks release acidic minerals into
the water
PA receives excess acid rain.
PA has a large number of coal
mines that drain into river systems.
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF
WETLANDS?
Breeding grounds
Flood protection
Shoreline protection
Increase biodiversity
Purify water
WHAT IS SUBSTRATE?
Material that organisms live
in/on/around  can be biotic or
abiotic
WHAT IS TURBIDITY?
The clarity of the water. More
turbid= less clear (dirtier)
HOW DOES RUNOFF AFFECT
TURBIDITY?
Runoff causes soil to become pulled
away from the Earth. The soil then
flows into nearby waterways, causing
increased turbidity.
DESCRIBE A BOG.
Bogs have decaying peat, they’re
very acidic, have very low O2,
mostly shrubs and mosses.
DESCRIBE A MARSH.
Marshes form at the mouth of a
river, very little drainage,
consists mostly of grasses
DESCRIBE A SWAMP.
Swamps consist mostly of trees,
such as a mangrove.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
AN ESTUARY AND A DELTA?
Estuaries are areas where salt and
fresh water mix, while a delta the
area at the bottom of a river
where sediment collects.
III. TAXONOMY
HOW DO YOU CORRECTLY WRITE A
SCIENTIFIC NAME OF AN ORGANISM?
Genus is capitalized, whole name is
italicized or underlined and the genus
comes before the species.
Puma concolor
WHAT IS THE CORRECT ORDER FOR
THE LEVELS OF TAXONOMY?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species
WHAT DETERMINES HOW CLOSELY
RELATED ORGANISMS ARE?
The more levels they share, the
more closely related they are.
WHAT ARE THE 3 DOMAINS?
Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea.
DESCRIBE EACH DOMAIN.
Bacteria- unicellular, no nucleus, very
small, can live almost anywhere
Eukaryota- multi or unicellular, have a
nucleus, contain protists, animals,
plants and fungi
Archaea- unicellular, no nucleus, live in
extreme environments,
IV. ECOLOGY
DEFINE INVASIVE SPECIES.
Species (plants or animals) that
are introduced to a new habitat
where they were not previously
found.
HOW ARE INVASIVE SPECIES
INTRODUCED?
Accidentally or intentionally by
humans.
HOW DO INVASIVE SPECIES AFFECT
NATIVE SPECIES?
Bring new diseases to new habitats
Outcompeting native species for food, water, shelter
Killing native species
Destroying food webs
Decreasing biodiversity
Altering ecosystem conditions
DEFINE EACH OF THE ECOLOGICAL LEVELS
IN ORDER FROM SMALLEST TO LARGEST.
Organism- single living thing
Population- many organisms of the same species in one area
Community- Many species found in one area
Ecosystem- both biotic and abiotic factors in one area
Biome- Regions of the world characterized by similar climate,
organisms and soil
Biosphere- Global ecosystem where all organisms live (Earth)
EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
HERBIVORES, CARNIVORES AND
OMNIVORES.
Herbivores- eat only plants
Carnivores- eat only animals
Omnivores- eat both plants and
animals
EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
AUTOTROPH AND HETEROTROPH.
Autotroph (producer)- can
create their own food
Heterotroph (consumer)- eats
other organisms for food
DESCRIBE EACH TROPHIC LEVEL
Tertiary Consumer- eats secondary consumers
Secondary Consumer- eats primary consumers
or producers (omnivores)
Primary Consumer- eats Producers (herbivores)
Producers- create their own food
DEFINE ECOLOGY.
The study of how organisms
interact with each other and
their environment.
EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS.
Biotic- living things
Abiotic- non living
WHAT DO DECOMPOSERS DO? LIST
EXAMPLES.
Decomposers break down dead
organisms and return nutrients to
the soil. Examples include bacteria
or fungi.
OUT OF THE 4 TROPHIC LEVELS, WHICH
LEVEL WOULD BE FOUND IN THE GREATEST
NUMBERS/ HAVE THE GREATEST BIOMASS?
Producers
OUT OF THE 4 TROPHIC LEVELS, WHICH
LEVEL WOULD BE FOUND IN THE SMALLEST
NUMBERS/ HAVE THE SMALLEST BIOMASS?
Tertiary Producers
WHICH OF THE CONSUMER TROPHIC
LEVELS IS CONSIDERED THE MOST
EFFICIENT TO RECEIVE THE MOST ENERGY?
Primary consumer
WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF ENERGY IN
ALMOST EVERY FOOD CHAIN?
The sun.
EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN A NICHE, HABITAT OR
ADAPTATION.
Niche- organism’s role in the environment
Habitat- organism’s environment that it lives
in
Adaptation- trait which allows an organism
to better survive in its environment
DEFINE CARRYING CAPACITY.
The maximum number of
organisms an environment can
sustain before running out of
food/water/space
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A POPULATION
REACHES IT’S CARRYING CAPACITY?
There is generally a massive
drop in the population.
V. RENEWABLE &
NON-RENEWABLE
RESOURCES
WHAT IS THE LARGEST ENERGY
SOURCE IN PA?
Coal
WHY IS COAL BAD FOR THE
ENVIRONMENT?
Releases CO2 and sulfides into the air.
Mines release toxic heavy metals into the ground
and water.
Creates acid rain from the air pollution released.
Mining destroys the land.
WHICH STAGE OF COAL RELEASES THE
MOST AIR POLLUTION?
Peat
WHICH STAGE OF COAL RELEASES THE
LEAST AIR POLLUTION?
Anthracite
WHICH STAGE OF COAL BURNS THE
HOTTEST AND THE LONGEST?
Anthracite
WHICH STAGE OF COAL IS USED TO
MAKE STEEL?
Bituminous
WHICH STAGE OF COAL CONTAINS
THE MOST MOISTURE?
Peat
HOW IS COAL CREATED?
Swamp plants die and get buried
under mud and sediment. The
sediment crushes the plants, while the
Earth heats them, creating coal.
WHAT TYPES OF COAL ARE FOUND IN
PA AND WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
Western PA= Bituminous
Eastern PA= Anthracite
WHICH STAGE OF COAL HAS THE
LEAST CARBON AND THE MOST
IMPURITIES?
Peat
WHICH STAGE OF COAL HAS THE
MOST CARBON AND THE LEAST
IMPURITIES?
Anthracite
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF
USING RENEWABLE ENERGY?
Mostly inexhaustible sources of energy
You can sell back excess energy to energy
companies (solar)
Very little CO2 emissions
Can go off the energy grid and be self-sufficient
WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF
USING RENEWABLE ENERGY?
Some sources depend on the climate (need
wind or sun)
We’ve already used all the areas available for
the resource (hydro)
Difficult to transport or store the energy
WHAT ARE THE THREE FOSSIL FUELS?
Coal, Oil & Natural Gas
HOW DOES GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
WORK?
The Earth’s core heats up the
water inside of the pipes we put in
the ground. The water is then
turned to steam to spin a turbine.
HOW IS OIL CREATED?
Dead sea organisms are covered
by sediment. The pressure from
the sediment and heat from the
Earth creates oil.
WHAT DOES OPEC STAND FOR?
Organization of petroleum
exporting countries
EXPLAIN HOW FRACKING WORKS.
Fracking involves injecting fracking
fluid at a high speed to crack the
shale in the ground to release oil
or natural gas deposits.
WHY IS FRACKING BAD FOR THE
ENVIRONMENT?
Fracking fluid can contaminate
drinking water, it can release
methane into the air or drinking
water, can cause small earthquakes
EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
FISSION AND FUSION.
Fission is when the nucleus is split
into two, while fusion is when two
molecules are joined together to
form a nucleus.
WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF
NUCLEAR ENERGY?
Radioactive waste, difficult to
mine/process/transport, expensive to
put safety precautions in place to
stop radiation, possibility of
meltdowns.
VI.
ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH &
ATMOSPHERE
WHAT DO GREENHOUSE GASES DO?
Trap heat and radiation to
Earth’s surface
WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF
GREENHOUSE GASES?
CO2, H2O, CH4, NO2, SO2
WHAT REFLECTS THE SUN’S RAYS
BACK OUT INTO SPACE?
The atmosphere, land/water
surfaces & ice.
WHAT ARE SOME ANTHROPOGENIC
CAUSES FOR GLOBAL WARMING?
Burning fossil fuels
Agriculture
Livestock
Deforestation
WHAT ARE SOME NATURAL CAUSES
FOR GLOBAL WARMING?
Forest fires
Volcanoes
WHAT ARE SOME EFFECTS OF GLOBAL
WARMING ON EARTH?
Loss of drinking water/sea ice
Increased acidification of ocean
Flooding on coasts from sea level ride
Loss of habitat
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE OZONE
LAYER?
To protect organisms from UV
rays from the sun
FOR EACH LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE,
DESCRIBE HOW TEMPERATURE CHANGES
AS THE ALTITUDE INCREASES
Tropo- decreases
Strato- increases
Meso- decreases
Thermo- increases
Exo- decreases
WHAT TYPE OF RADIATION IS
RELEASED BY THE EARTH?
Infrared
WHICH LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE
CONTAINS GOOD OZONE?
Stratoposphere
WHICH LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE
CONTAINS BAD OZONE?
Troposphere
WHICH LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE
CONTAINS THE WEATHER?
Troposphere
HOW IS OZONE DESTROYED?
Ozone is destroyed by the
chlorine broken off of CFC
molecules by UV rays from the
sun.
WHERE IS THE OZONE HOLE FOUND
AND WHY IS IT FOUND IN THAT
PARTICULAR SPOT?
Over Antarctica because the cold
polar vortex winds trap CFC
molecules there over the winter.
DEFINE CARBON FOOTPRINT.
The total amount of
greenhouse gases produced to
support human activities.
WHAT FOSSIL FUEL LEADS TO THE
LARGEST CARBON FOOTPRINT?
Coal
WHICH LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE
DOES NOT END IN A PAUSE?
Exosphere
WHICH LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE
CONTAINS THE IONOSPHERE?
Mostly in the thermosphere
with a small amount in the
mesosphere
WHICH LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE
HAS THE LEAST DENSITY?
Exosphere
WHICH LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE
HAS THE MOST DENSITY?
Troposphere
WHAT IS THE ELEMENTAL MAKEUP OF
THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE?
77% Nitrogen
22% Oxygen
1% Other gases
HOW IS OZONE FORMED?
The sun’s UV rays break up an O2
molecule. The single O atom binds
to another O2 molecule, creating
ozone (O3).
WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF CARBON
SINKS?
Ocean or forests
DESCRIBE THE REACTANTS AND
PRODUCTS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
Reactants  Plants take in CO2,
H2O & sunlight
Products  Plants make sugar and
release O2.
DESCRIBE THE REACTANTS AND
PRODUCTS FOR RESPIRATION.
Reactants  Animals take in O2 and
break down sugars in their bodies.
Products  Animals receive energy
and releases H2O and CO2.
DEFINE PARTICULATE MATTER.
Airborne materials that consist
of small particles and liquid
droplets.
DEFINE VOC’S.
Polluting molecules released
from paints and cleaning
chemicals.
WHICH AIR POLLUTANTS CAN BE
FOUND IN REFRIGERATORS AND
AEROSOL CANS?
CFC’S
HOW IS SMOG FORMED?
From the sunlight heating VOC’s
and other emissions in the air
from fossil fuels. Ozone is created.
LIST THE LAYERS OF THE
ATMOSPHERE IN ORDER STARTING
WITH THE CLOSEST TO EARTH.
Tropo
Strato
Meso
Thermo
Exo
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
POINT AND NON-POINT POLLUTION?
Point pollution comes from a single
identifiable source.
Non-point comes from various sources
that cannot be directly identified.
VII. TRASH
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DEAL
WITH MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE?
Reduce the amount of waste in
the first place
DEFINE LEACHATE.
The rainwater that has filtered
throughout the landfill and
becomes contaminated with
waste.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE CLAY
LINER?
To stop leachate from seeping
into the groundwater
WHAT RECYCLABLE IS FOUND MOST
OFTEN IN MSW?
Paper products
WHAT IS WASTE-TO-ENERGY?
The burning of waste, which
creates air pollution and toxic
ash.