Transcript therp.file1.1412816201.tesx

Chapter 2
New Empires
in the
Americas
Thomas Herp
Learning Target: 9/19-22
▪ I can explain the advances in technology that enabled European
exploration of the New World.
▪ I can explain the positive and negative effects of the European
exploration of the New World.
Sec 1: Europeans Set Sail
Chapter Big Idea:
▪ Europeans explored the
world searching for new
lands and new trade
routes.
Viking Explorers
Vikings were skilled sailors, and they were
the first Europeans to reach North America.
▪ Traveled in longships
▪ Raided and traded with Europe
▪ 874 AD - settled in Iceland
▪ 986 AD Erik the Red settles Greenland
Vikings in North America
▪ 1000 AD Leif Erikson, blown off course, lands on the
Labrador Peninsula then sailed to Newfoundland.
▪ Vinland - Viking settlement in N.A.
▪ Native American attacks & to far from support of
other Vikings settlements causes Vinland to be
abandoned.
Henry the Navigator & Portugal
▪ 1400s Portugal becomes the leader in
World Exploration
▪ Prince Henry the Navigator established a
School of Navigation for sailors
▪ He financed mapmakers & shipbuilders
▪ Paid for African coastal explorations
Reasons for exploration
1. Asian Spices & Silk: cardamom, cinnamon, ginger,
turmeric, pepper, and other Indian spices.
▪ Desired to bypass the merchant monopoly on trade in
the Mediterranean.
2. Religion – wanted to spread Christianity
3. Interest in Asian Culture (Marco Polo’s book)
Technological Advances
Magnetic compass
Astrolabe –enabled Navigator to learn their ship’s location
by charting the position of the stars
Shipbuilding – Caravel
-used triangular (Lateen) sails – allowed it to sail against
the wind
-placed rudder at the Stern (back) to improve steering
A Sea Route to Asia
▪ 1488 Bartolomeu Dias
– Discovered the Cape of Good Hope (Africa’s
southern Tip)
– Originally called the Cape of Storms
 1497-98 Vasco Da Gama
 Discovers a route to India around Africa
Results of Exploration: Europe awakens
▪ Portugal becomes wealthy
▪ Starts the African Slave trade
– Traded for gold, ivory & slaves
– Devastated African communities
– Increased warfare between West African Kingdoms
▪ New trade routes and wealth launch the Age
of exploration in Europe
Learning Target: 9/23-24
▪I can explain impact of Columbus’s discovery of the
“New World” on Europe and the Newly discovered
lands.
Sec 2: Europeans Reach the Americas
The Big Idea
▪ Christopher Columbus’s
voyages led to new
exchanges between
Europe, Africa, and the
Americas.
Columbus Sails across the Atlantic
▪ Christopher Columbus
–Voyage paid for by Spain (King Ferdinand
& Queen Isabella)
–Promised: Great riches, New lands and
Catholic converts
▪ 1492 sets sail with 3 ships: Santa
María, Niña, & Pinta
Columbus’s journey
▪ Oct 12, 1492 land sighted – an island in
the Bahamas
▪ Named it “San Salvador”
▪ Met the Taino people – called them
Indians (Asia was known as the Indies)
▪ Made 4 journeys to the Americas, died in
1504 (still believing he had reached India)
Impact of Columbus’s Voyage
▪ Changed the way Europeans
viewed the world and their place
in it.
▪ Conflict between Spain &
Portugal
▪ 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas
Line of demarcation & Treaty of Tordesillas
▪ Pope Alexander VI (a Spainiard)
▪ 1493 issues a decree – divides the Atlantic
Ocean btwn Spain & Portugal. Spain got
everything to the West
▪ Line of demarcation: Spain & Portugal agreed
to move the line 800 miles West with the Treaty
of Tordesillas.
Other Explorers Sail to the Americas
▪ 1501 – Amerigo Vespucci
– Sailed to South America
– He was convinced that he had
discovered a “new world”
– German mapmaker renamed the land
America after him
Other Explorers Sail to the Americas
▪ Vasco Nunez de Balboa
– Based on local stories, Balboa search for
another ocean to the West across Panama
swamps & jungles.
– 1513 he reached a mountain top and saw
the Pacific Ocean
– After pillaging local tribes for gold he was
betray by one of his friends, accused of
treason, arrested, and beheaded
Other Explorers Sail to the Americas
▪ Ferdinand Magellan
– 1519-1522 First person to
circumnavigate the globe.
– Killed in the Philippine
Islands 1521
– 18 members of the original
crew survived brought
Magellan’s body home
Columbian Exchange
▪ The transfer of plants,
animals, and DISEASE
between Europe, Africa, and
Americas
▪ Disease devastated the local
native populations causing
a need for African slaves
Learning Target: 9/25
▪I can explain impact of Spanish exploration on the
Americas.
Spanish Conquistadors
▪ Conquistadors – Spanish soldiers
who led military expeditions in the
Americas.
Conquest of the Aztecs
▪ 1519 Hernán Cortés arrives in Mexico
▪ Aztecs at the height of their power led by
Moctezuma II
▪ Believed Cortés was a god & welcomed him
▪ “City of silver & gold”
▪ Cortés captures and kills Moctezuma, diseases
kill many more
Conquest of the Incas
▪ Incas also at the height of their power
▪ Francisco Pizarro - 1530 (3rd attempt) invades
Northern Peru to conquer the Incas.
▪ 1532 captured Atahulpa (Incan King) and
executed him in 1533.
▪ 1535 completed his conquest
▪ Assassinated in 1541 buried in Lima
Reasons for Spanish Victories
▪ Superior weapons & Armor
▪ Horses
▪ Willpower motivated by greed
▪ Inside help (Aztecs – Malintzin helped
Cortés win allies)
▪ European Diseases - smallpox
Reasons for Spanish Victories
-vs-
Learning Target: 9/26
▪I can explain impact of Spanish explorers on the native
populations of America.
“New Spain”
– Most emigrants were Spanish
– Jews, Muslims, & non-Christians were
forbidden to settle
– ¾ men, ¼ women
– 1524 Council of Indies formed
▪ Governed New Spain
▪ Appointed 2 Viceroys - royal governors
–Peru
–New Spain
Spanish Settlements
▪ 3 types of settlements
– Pueblos – trading posts/government
centers
– Missions – converting indians to
Catholicism
– Presidios – military bases
▪ El Camino Real
– “The Royal Road” a network of roads
that connected the settlements,
Other explorers:
Juan Ponce de Leon
–1508-1511 landed on Puerto Rico
founded San Juan
–1512 discovered Florida
–Given royal permission to colonize
Florida but never did.
▪ 1513 Searched for the “Fountain of
Youth”
Other explorers:
Hernando de Soto
▪ 1539 Given permission to explore the coastal
regions of the Gulf of Mexico
▪ Landed near in Florida and traveled through
Georgia and the Carolinas
▪ 1541 discovered the Mississippi River
▪ 1542 died while exploring west into Oklahoma
Other explorers: Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
▪ 1528 joined Pánfilo de Narváez to conquer
Cuba, Mexico & Florida
▪ Explored along the Gulf Coast until
shipwrecked - all but 4 died, including de Vaca
& Estevanico, a Moroccan slave. (his Spanish slaveholder also
survived)
▪ Captured & enslaved by local Native American
groups for 6 years.
de Vaca journey continued
▪ Escaped and travelled throughout the Southwest.
▪ Received help from other Native American groups
▪ After turning South they reached Spanish settlements
in 1536
▪ Estevanico was sold by his owner to the viceroy.
▪ He served as a guide for new expeditions into the
southwest, he was killed in 1539 by native
Americans.
de Vaca continued
▪ De Vaca returned to Spain
– called for better treatment of the Native Americans
▪ Wrote about his experiences which fueled Spanish
interest in North America
– Based on his writings people believed that riches could be
found in North America
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
▪ 1540 set out to explore the North
American Southwest
▪ Searched for the legendary Seven
Cities of Gold.
▪ Discovered the Grand Canyon
Spanish Treatment of Native Americans
▪ Discovery of the Americas made
Spain very wealthy
▪ 1503-1660 Fleet shipments
– Gold : 500 tons
– Silver: 18,600 tons
▪ Forced Labor
– Native Americans – 80% of
Spanish empire’s population
– Peninsulares – settlers from
Spain
 Encomienda System – gave
settlers the right to tax or make
the Native Americans work.
 The settlers were suppose to
protect & convert them.
 Most were treated as slaves on the
vast Spanish Plantations
 Many Native Americans died from
their treatment
Role of the Catholic Church
▪ King commanded that all local people be
converted to Christianity
▪ Bartolomé de Las Casas
– Spanish priest
– Spaniards should try to convert them through
love, gentleness, and kindness
▪ Colonists – most treated the Native Americans
harshly
Learning Target 9/30
▪ I can explain how the turmoil and conflict in Europe
led to European nations seeking empires in the
newly discovered Americas.
Section 4: The Race for Empires
Europe in
turmoil over
religion, land,
and resources led
to expansion
into the New
World
The Protestant Reformation
▪ Martin Luther - 95 Theses – started the
reformation
▪ A reform movement, started by Martin
Luther, to correct the abuses of the Catholic
Church. He was excommunicated by the
Pope.
▪ Using the printing press, Protestants printed
the Bible in local languages and their own
ideas for all to read.
Spain, England & the Spanish Armada
▪ Conflicts between Catholics & Protestants, Catholic Church
launched the Counter-Reformation.
▪ Henry VIII – 1534 established the Church of England (Anglican
church) and made himself the head of the church NOT the
pope.
▪ Huguenots – French protestants- many eventually emigrated
to the Americas in search of religious freedom
▪ 1588 Philip II of Spain sent a great Armada of ships to
conquer England and re-establish the Catholic Church
there. It failed.
▪ Conflict btwn Elizabeth I (England and Philip II came
about b/c of English privateers (piracy – “sea dogs”)
raiding Spanish treasure ships.
▪ The defeat sent Spain into decline both as a political
and Economic power.
▪ England, France and the Netherlands soon began to
challenge the Spanish dominance in the Americas.
Europeans in North America
John Cabot
– Italian explorer who explored North America
for England.
– He paid for his own adventure
– 1497-98 travelled to Newfoundland seeking the
fabled Northwest passage
– Northwest Passage –fabled waterway that
linked the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean
– His voyages were the basis for England’s claim
to lands in the Americas
Explorer
Country
When
Where
significant
Giovanni da Verrazano
France
1524
Explored the North American coast
from present-day North Carolina to
Maine
Was seeking the fabled
Northwest Passage
Jacques Cartier
France
1534-1535
Explored Canada and St. Lawrence
River all the way to present-day
Montreal
Claimed all of the
territory for France
Henry Hudson
Netherlands (Dutch) &
England
1609
1610
Sailed to North America (New York
area) seeking the Northwest
Passage. Travelled North into a
large bay, later named for him
Sailed under the flag of
two nations, discovered
“Hudson Bay”
Sir Walter Raleigh
England
1584-85
Sent an expeditions to present-day
Virginia and North Carolina
Sent a colony to
Roanoke Island but
after a year of harsh
conditions they
returned home.
Explorer
Country
When
Where
significant
John White
(Virginia Dare – first
English colonist born
in North America)
England
1587
Sent to resettle Roanoke
Island, (Present-day North
Carolina)
Returned to England for supplies but was
delayed 3 years because of war with Spain.
Upon his return his Roanoke colony had
disappeared with no trace save the word
“Croatoan” carved into a post
Samuel de Champlain
France
1608
Sailed up the St. Lawrence
River and explored North
America, visited the Great
Lakes, and founded Quebec
Founded Quebec and France claimed all of
the territory he explored as France’s.
Louis Jolliet
&
Jacques Marquette
France
1673
Explored the Mississippi River Travelled down the Mississippi River as far
region
as present-day Arkansas
Rene-Robert de La
Salle
France
1672
Followed the Mississippi
River to the Gulf Of Mexico –
explored the Mississippi
Explored and claimed the entire Mississippi
valley for France
Peter Minuit
Netherlands 1626(Dutch) &
1638
Sweden
New York/Manhattan Island
and helped the found
settlements along the
Delaware River
Founded New Amsterdam (New York City)
and helped Swedish settlers settle Fort
Christna
Learning Target 10/8
▪I can explain how and why Europeans forced
millions of African slaves to work in their
colonies.
Section 5: Beginnings of Slavery
▪ millions of Native Americans died of
diseases: Measles, Smallpox &
typhus
▪ Plantation agriculture depended
upon slave labor – many believed
Africans could solve the shortage
The Slave Trade
▪ 1510 Spain legalized the sale
of slaves in the colonies
▪ Over the next century –
more than a million would
be brought to the colonies
The Middle Passage
▪ Horrible experience – capture from
the interior of Africa – chained
around the neck - marched to the
coast – and sold to European
slavers – packed on ships - shipped
to the Americas
The Middle Passage
▪ Middle Passage – the
voyage across the Atlantic
Ocean that enslaved
Africans were forced to
endure packed onto slave
ships.
1 out of every 6 slaves died on
the trip
African Diaspora
▪ 1520-1860s about 12 million Africans
were shipped across the Atlantic as
slaves. More than 10 million survived
the trip.
▪ Enslaved Africans were sent all across
the New World.
– 4 million to Brazil
– 2 million to Spanish Colonies
– 3 million to British/French colonies in the
Caribbean and Latin America
– 600,000 to Britain’s North American
colonies
▪ Diaspora – the scattering
of a people
▪ Laws were developed to regulate slave treatment
and behavior.
– Given few rights
– Considered chattel or property
– (Some colonies) slaveholder could not be charged
with murder if he killed a slave while punishing
him
– Harsh punishments for slaves
▪ Treatment Varied
– A few were treated well
– Severe treatment was common
▪ Whipping, brandings, & torture
Slave
Treatment
Slave Culture in the Americas
▪ Slaves from various African backgrounds
built a new African American culture
upon what they had in common
▪ Families, a vital part of slave culture
▪ Families faced many challenges
– Families were often broken apart by
slave owners
Slave Culture in the Americas
▪ Religion – gave them a form of expression,
self worth, and hope for salvation in this
life and the next.
– Primarily Christian but also included
traditional elements of African religions
– Spirituals, songs & folktales to tell stories
– Art
– Dance – important social events