Transcript No Slide Title

Chapter Objectives
After completing this chapter you will be able to:
 Describe the history of TCP/IP
 Describe the history of the Internet
 Outline the different functions of the Internet organisations
(IAB, IETF, IRTF, IANA)
 Describe Request for Comments (RFCs)
 Outline the OSI 7-layer model
 Outline the TCP/IP protocol stack
History of TCP/IP
 1969: ARPANET went into operation
– four packet-switched nodes at three different sites
– connected together via 56 kbit/s circuits
– using the Network Control Protocol (NCP)
– funded by the U.S. Department of Defence
 1974: TCP/IP designed by Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn
 1979: IP version 4 documented
History of TCP/IP (Contd)
 1979: the Internet Control and Configuration Board (ICCB) formed
 1979: BSD Unix with TCP/IP supplied to Universities
 1980: ARPA started converting machines to TCP/IP
 1983: mandate that all computers connected to ARPANET use
TCP/IP
 1983 ARPANET split into two separate networks,
– ARPANET for further research
– MILNET for the military
History of the Internet
 1985: the ARPANET was heavily used and congested
 1986: NSFNET developed to replace ARPANET
– universities and research organisations connected to regional networks
– regional networks connected to a main backbone
– six nationally funded super-computer centres connected to backbone
– The original links were 56 kbit/s.
 1988: Links upgraded to T1 (1.544 Mbit/s)
– The NSFNET T1 backbone connected a total of 13 sites
 1991: NSF decided to move the backbone to a private company
 1993: New Internet backbone, ANSNET, with T3 (45 Mbit/s) links
 1993: Final NSF solicitations
Today's Internet
 Distributed architecture operated by commercial Network Service
Providers (NSPs)
 Connected together at Network Access Points (NAPs)
– high-speed switch to which a number of routers can be connected for the
purpose of traffic exchange
– allows Internet traffic from the customers of one provider to reach the
customers of another provider.
 ISPs provide Internet services to end customers
 Connection point between a customer and an ISP is called a point
of presence (POP)
 ISP networks exchange information with each other by connecting
to NSPs that are connected to NAPs, or by connecting directly to
NAPs
vBNS Backbone Network Map
Seattle
R
Ameritech NAP
National Center for
Atmospheric Research
R
R
Boston
Cleveland
R
Chicago
R
R
R
Pittsburgh
San Francisco
Denver
R
Los Angeles
R
R
Atlanta
San Diego
Supercomputer Center
R
Router
DS-3
ATM Switch
OC-3C
NAP
OC-12C
OC-48
R
R
MFS NAP
R
R
Perryman, MD
R
Supercomputing
Center
R
National Center for
Supercomputing
Applications
R
R
R
Houston
New York City
Sprint NAP
Washington, DC
Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Organisation
The IAB organisation
The IAB Board
IRTF
IETF
IRSG
IESG
Research groups
Working groups
Active IETF Working Groups
 Applications
 Internet
 Operations and Management
 Routing
 Security
 Transport
 User services
 General
Internet Research Task Force
 Active IRTF Research Groups
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
End-to-End
Information Infrastructure Architecture
Internet Resource Discovery
Network Management
Reliable Multicast
Routing
Secure Multicast
Services Management
Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA)
IANA
ARIN
American
Registry
for
Internet
Numbers
RIPE
Reseaux
IP
Europeen
APNIC
Asia
Pacific
Network
Information
Centre
RFC Standards Track Process
Draft
Paper
RFC
Spec
Review by IETF and
IESG not to exceed
two years
Proposed
Standard
IESG recommends promotion to proposed
standard. RFC publishes as RFC. Otherwise
it is sent back to the IETF work group.
Implementation and test for a
minimum of 6 months
Draft
Standard
Evaluation of implementation
for a minimum of 4 months
Standard
Important RFCs
STD
RFC
Number Number
Name
1
2500
Internet Official Protocol Standards
2
1700
Assigned Numbers
3
1122
1123
Requirements for Internet hosts
4*
1812
Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers
www.rfc-editor.org/rfc.html
OSI 7- Layer Model
APPLICATION
PRESENTATION
SESSION
TRANSPORT
NETWORK
DATA LINK
PHYSICAL
Interfaces directly with application programs
running on the devices.
Provides code conversion and data reformatting.
Co-ordinates interaction between end-to-end
application processes.
Provides end-to-end data integrity and quality of
service.
Switches and routes information to the appropriate
network device.
Transfers units of information to the other end of the
physical link.
Transmits/Receives on the network medium
OSI 7- Layer Model and Internetworking Devices
SYSTEM B
SYSTEM A
A
P
S
T
N
D
Data
A
Data
P
Data
S
Data
T
Data
Router
Data
Bridge/Switch
101100011110101010010
Repeater
N
D
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
101100011110101010010
Internet Protocol Suite and OSI Reference Model
APPLICATION
PRESENTATION
SESSION
APPLICATION
(FTP, TELNET, SNMP,
DNS, SMTP )
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
(TCP or UDP)
ICMP, IGMP
NETWORK
INTERNET PROTOCOL
(IP)
ARP, RARP
DATA LINK
NETWORK INTERFACE
(LAN - ETH, TR, FDDI)
(WAN - Serial lines, FR, ATM)
PHYSICAL
TCP/IP Protocol Stack Based on Data Flow
Application
Layer
Telnet, FTP, TFTP,HTTP,SNMP,SMTP, and so on
Port Number
BGP
Transport
Layer
OSPF
RIP
EGP
TCP
UDP
ICMP
IGMP
Protocol Number
Internet
Layer
ARP
IP
RARP
Type code
Data Link
Layer
Ethernet, Token Ring, PPP, and so on