Transcript Chapter_06

CHAP# 6 Deviance & Social
Control
• Deviance: is behavior that violates the
standards of conduct or expectations of a
group or society.
• Example: Alcoholics, gamblers & mentally
ill are considered as deviants. Being late
for class is considered as deviant act. On
the basis of the sociological definition, we
are all deviant from time to time. Each of
us violates common social norms in
certain situations.
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• Deviance is a comprehensive concept that
includes not only criminal behavior, but
also many actions that are not subject to
prosecution.
• In most instances, those individuals and
groups with the greatest status and power
define what is acceptable and what is
Deviant.
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• For example, despite serious medical
warnings against the dangers of tobacco,
cigarette smoking continued, because of
the power of tobacco farmers and
cigarette manufacturers. Only after a long
campaign led by public health and
anticancer activities, smoking cigarette
became a deviant activity. Today many
state and local laws limit where people can
smoke.
Stigmatization
• Deviance can include relatively minor day
to day decisions about our personal
behavior, in some cases it can become
part of a person’s identity. This process is
called stigmatization (Social Stigma).
Deviance & Social Stigma
• Once people have been assigned a
deviant role, they have trouble presenting
a positive image to others and many even
experience lowered self-esteem. For
example a whole group of short people
may be labeled in this way.
• Stigma describes the labels that society
uses to devalue members of certain social
groups.
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• Homeless people often have trouble
getting a job, because employers are wary
Of applicants who cannot give a home
address. If they succeed getting a job,
regardless of their positive attributes,
employers regard the spoiled identity of
homelessness as sufficient reason to
dismiss an employee.
Crime
• Crime: is a violation of criminal law.
• Crime represents a deviation from formal
social norms administered by the state.
Basis for the Division of Crime
• Law divides crimes into various types,
depending on the severity of the offense,
the age of the offender, the possible
punishment, and the court that holds
jurisdiction over the case.
Types of Crime
• Sociologists classify crimes in terms of
how they are committed and how society
views the offense.
• Following, five, are the types of crime
according to sociological perspective.
(i) Victimless crime
(ii) Professional crime
(iii) Organized crime
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(iv) white-collar crime
(v) Transnational crime
Let’s explain these types in detail
1. Victimless Crime
• Victimless crime describes the willing
illegal exchange of goods and services
among adults.
• Example: drug abuse, gambling,
excessive drinking etc.
2. Professional Crime
• Professional crimes are career crimes. A
professional criminal is a person who
follows crime as a day-to-day occupation.
He develops skills for crimes and enjoy a
certain degree of status among other
criminals.
• Examples: safe-cracking, hi-jacking of
cargo, pick pocketing and shop lifting.
Organized Crimes
• A preplanned crime committed by a group
is called organized crime. The group
regulates
relations
among
criminal
enterprises. Organized crime dominates
the world of illegal business. It serves as a
means of upward mobility for groups of
people who struggle to escape poverty.
• Example: gambling, smuggling, sale of
illegal drugs etc.
White-Collar & Technology
Based Crime
• White-Collar Crime: is an illegal act
committed in the course of business
activities by respectable people.
• Examples: Income tax evasion, stock
manipulation, consumer fraud, bribery &
extraction of kickbacks, embezzlement,
and misrepresentation in advertising.
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• Technology Based Crime: it is a type of
White-Collar Crime committed with the
help of Technology.
Transnational Crimes
• Transnational Crime is a crime that occurs
across multiple national borders.
Organized criminal networks are
increasingly global. Technology, definitely,
facilitate such crimes.
• Examples: drugs, and stolen art, and
antiques.
Causes of Crimes
• A few of the many causes of crimes are
discussed below.
• 1. Lack of Family Control
• 2. illiteracy & Ignorance
• 3. Poverty
• 4. Factions (Parties, Groups) & Feuds
(disputes, quarrels)
• 5. Un-employment
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6. Electronic Media
7. Defective Marriages
8. unethical Norms of the society
9. Psychological Disorders
10. ambitions
11. Weak Control of the state government
12. Lack of effective punishments & the
rule of law
Effects of Crimes
• Increase of crime in a society enhances
the problems of:
• Economic
• Social
• Psychological sufferings of the masses
• 1. ECONOMIC: the government purse is
heavily taxed due to increasing rate of
crimes. The government has to spend on
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• Police force, judiciary, jail and such other
related agencies which ultimately affect
the national budget.
• 2. SOCIAL: the increasing rate of crime in
the country disorganizes and disintegrates
the whole society and affects all the social
institutions adversely.
• 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL: the crime rate is
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• Already increased in our country & still on
the increase. It gives birth to other
problems due to psychological pressure,
like depression and tension. For example,
the murder of the head of the family brings
hundred and one problems for the wife,
children and other dependents.
Suggestions to control crimes
The following steps are suggested to
decrease & control crimes.
1. Education
2. Up-grading Moral Standards
3. Early Detection
4. Detention Home: in detention home the
new offenders are kept separate from the
hardened offenders under the supervision
of trained personnel.
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5. Play & Recreation
6. Revival of Religious values
7. Positive role of Print & Electronic Media
8. Role of NGO’s
9. Role of religious & political leaders
10. The dispense of impartial justice & rule
of the law
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11. Reduction & Elimination of Poverty
12. Availability of jobs
13. the just distribution of wealth &
resources.
14. strong vigilance of the family over its
members
15. role of the sociologists, psychologists,
& medical science.
16. Check on Social disorganization